Non-coronary Vascular Stents (L30798)
Contractor Information
|
Contractor Name Wisconsin Physicians Service Insurance Corporation |
Contractor Number 00951, 00952, 00953, 00954, 52280, 05101, 05201, 05301, 05401, 05102, 05202, 05302, 05402 |
Contractor Type Carrier - FI - MAC |
LCD Information
Document Information
L30798 LCD Title Non-coronary Vascular Stents Contractor's Determination Number CV-028 AMA CPT/ADA CDT Copyright Statement CPT codes, descriptions and other data only are copyright 2010 American Medical Association (or such other date of publication of CPT). All Rights Reserved. Applicable FARS/DFARS Clauses Apply. Current Dental Terminology, (CDT) (including procedure codes, nomenclature, descriptors and other data contained therein) is copyright by the American Dental Association. © 2002, 2004 American Dental Association. All rights reserved. Applicable FARS/DFARS apply. |
Primary Geographic Jurisdiction
Oversight Region Original Determination Effective Date For services performed on or after 07/16/2010 Original Determination Ending Date Revision Effective Date For services performed on or after 02/21/2011 Revision Ending Date |
CMS National Coverage Policy
Title XVIII of the Social Security Act section 1862(a)(1)(A). This section excludes coverage and payment for items and services that are not considered reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of illness or injury or to improve the function of a malformed body member
Indications and Limitations of Coverage and/or Medical Necessity
LCD Description
Vascular stents are currently used to enhance primary patency following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in arteries and veins, usually at the site of stenotic or occlusive lesions. Stents may be used as an adjunct to technically inadequate PTA or in cases where PTA alone will not be expected to provide a durable result. Vascular stents are typically made of woven, laser-cut or welded metal (stainless steel or nitinol) that permits the device to be compressed onto a catheter. The specific engineering of an individual stent will create a design that is balloon-expandable or self-expanding when deployed into a vessel with the use of radiological guidance. Stenting procedures may be deployed when a stenotic or occluded arterial or venous segment can be traversed with a catheter directed technique from a remote percutaneous site. Once deployed, the device remains permanently in the vessel.
Endovascular graft placement in the abdominal aorta is a treatment option to open procedures in the treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA).
Endovascular graft placement in the thoracic aorta is a treatment option to open procedures in the treatment of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA).
Indications and Limitations of Coverage and/or Medical Necessity
I. Percutaneous Placement of Peripheral Grafts/Stents
Peripheral vascular stenting may be covered for patients with symptomatic arterial and venous disease resulting in an occlusive or aneurysmal process. Historically, these vascular lesions would be treated with direct surgical intervention. These surgical procedures may have significant co-morbidities (cardiac, pulmonary, renal and anesthetic associated complications) in the patient population affected with such arterial or venous diseases. Appropriate symptoms at the designated vascular sites include:
A. Renal artery:
Renal artery stenting is covered for:
1. Uncontrolled malignant hypertension despite multidrug therapy who have been found to have unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis equal to or greater than 50% by nuclear medicine studies, renal artery duplex, or renal arteriography (conventional catheter angiography, CT angiography, or MR angiography). Stenting meets coverage criteria for ostial lesions, for angioplasty with sub-optimal results, and for dissection. It is also met for patients with renal artery stenosis of < 50%, and suspected renovascular malignant hypertension. For patients with renal artery stenosis of < 50%, and suspected renovascular malignant hypertension, coverage criteria are met if renal vein renin studies indicate the hypertension is due to renal artery disease
2. Progressive renal insufficiency due to atherosclerotic stenosis of > 70%. Stenting meets coverage criteria for ostial lesions, for angioplasty with sub-optimal results, and for dissection. Data available to date suggests that in patients with abnormal renal function, treatment of hemodynamically significant unilateral or bilateral RAS is beneficial in improving and/or stabilizing renal function
3. Recurrent congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, or coronary ischemia in the setting of stenosis of the renal artery(s) of > 60%. Stenting meets coverage criteria for ostial lesions, for angioplasty with suboptimal results, and for dissection. Cardiac syndromes attributable to RAS include exacerbations of congestive heart failure and coronary ischemia. Improving renal perfusion reduces renin production, which augments natriuresis and permits the use of angiotensin antagonists. Renal artery stenting in the setting of recurrent episodes of congestive heart failure and flash pulmonary edema has been shown to decrease the frequency of congestive heart failure, flash pulmonary edema, and the need for hospitalization in most patients.
4. Renal artery stenosis of > 50% in a transplanted kidney. Stenting meets coverage criteria for ostial lesions, for angioplasty with suboptimal results, and for dissection. PTA is the initial treatment of choice. Endovascular stent placement is used to treat suboptimal PTA result and to treat restenosis following PTA (reported restenosis occurs in 5% 30% of patients over a 6 8-month period).
5. There are no well-controlled prospective, randomized investigations to measure the relative risk and benefit of endovascular interventions (or associated medical therapies) in individuals with asymptomatic renal artery disease, and thus the role of such interventions remains controversial.
Recommendations regarding the role of percutaneous revascularization of asymptomatic renal disease are made largely on the basis of expert opinion and are not based on evidence that treatment of asymptomatic RAS improves any renal or systemic outcome, including renal preservation, blood pressure, or cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. Therefore, these recommendations are still considered controversial and must be individualized for the patient by each treating physician. The recommendations will likely be modified once controlled prospective data become available.
However, it appears that untreated RAS does result in excess mortality. We will cover renal atherosclerosis (ICD-9 code 440.1) when there is "hemodynamically significant stenosis of greater than 50%".
B. Mesenteric vessels.
This includes acute mesenteric ischemia, chronic mesenteric ischemia, mesenteric thrombosis, dissection or any other vascular insufficiency resulting in gastrointestinal symptoms. Stenting of the mesenteric vessels is covered when angioplasty of the vessels would not suffice and after the patient has had a thorough medical evaluation and management of symptoms, and for whom surgical intervention is the likely alternative. In these situations, PTA and stent placement should be considered an alternative to surgery and not an addition to medical management. Recent studies have shown that the clinical efficacy and low complication rate of visceral arterial stenting compare well with the known morbidity and mortality of open surgical management of such occlusive mesenteric diseases. PTA with stent support as necessary is being used with increasing frequency for the revascularization of chronic and acute mesenteric ischemia. Based on significantly lower in-hospital mortality and lower complications, PTA/S appears to be reasonable firstline therapy in selected patients, particularly in the setting of chronic mesenteric ischemia. PTA/S may be useful in selected patients with acute mesenteric ischemia and appropriate anatomy.
C. Lower Extremity Arteries (iliac, femoral, popliteal, tibial):
Lifestyle limiting claudication, ischemic rest pain, nonhealing tissue ulceration, focal gangrene, dissection, impending failure of a lower extremity bypass graft.
The American Heart Association guidelines recommend endovascular therapy (including stent support, either as a primary intervention or in the setting of suboptimal angioplasty) for symptoms that interfere with job performance or lifestyle and who have had an inadequate response to exercise or pharmacologic therapy, as long as it is suggested that there is a reasonable likelihood of symptomatic improvement and the risk benefit ratio is very high.
Stents can be useful in the iliac, femoral, popliteal, and tibial arteries as salvage therapy for suboptimal or failed result from angioplasty (e.g., persistent translesional gradient, residual diameter stenosis greater than 30%, or flow limiting dissection).
D. Hemodialysis Access graft/fistula: Stenosis, restenosis, and occlusion
A study by Vogel et al suggests that nitinol stents are safe and effective for treating dialysis access venous stenoses (central and peripheral) that are resistant to standard angioplasty.
E. Superior Vena Cava Superior vena cava syndrome and venous occlusions:
Superior vena cava syndrome, post radiation venous stenosis, and congenital stenosis, or webs, extrinsic venous compression and symptomatic post-traumatic venous stenoses.
A study by Nicholson et al suggests that percutaneous stenting in the setting of malignant superior vena cava syndrome meets the requirements of a palliative procedure significantly better than radiation therapy and that it should be the procedure of first choice.
F. Brachiocephalic Arteries: Subclavian steal syndrome, upper extremity claudication, ischemic rest pain of the arms and hand, non-healing tissue ulceration, focal gangrene, and dissection.
Subclavian arterial stent implantation is associated with better 1-year patency than PTA due to improved technical success. In a review by van Hattum et al, PTA with or without stent placement in a stenotic or occlusive brachiocephalic artery was found to be a safe procedure with a high initial success rate. Selective stent placement probably improves long-term success. PTA with selective stent placement should be considered the preferred treatment option.
Stenting of the inflow arteries, such as the innominate or subclavian, when they are the inflow vessels of an arteriovenous fistula for chronic Hemodialysis and are significantly stenotic is often useful.
Stenting of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) post CABG may be needed in response to chest pain due to reduction of flow within the artery during use of upper extremities. The internal mammary artery is a vessel that is used in both coronary and non coronary interventions so we mention it here.
G. Iliac veins and Inferior Vena Cava
Venous stenting is becoming more frequent. The most common usage is the treatment of iliac vein compression in the setting of deep venous thrombosis or symptomatic venous stasis (ex. iliac vein compression syndrome, i.e. May Thurner). Jong-Youn Kim et al experienced decreased recurrent thrombosis in those patients treated with stenting as opposed to PTA alone. An article published in JVIR by Patel et al concludes that in the setting of May Thurner Syndrome, the involved left common iliac vein invariably requires stent placement. The published literature to date argues that stenting is the preferred treatment for iliac compression in the setting of DVT or symptomatic venous stasis.
H. Carotid Arteries
For national coverage requirements regarding carotid stents refer to the National Coverage Decision
II. ANEURYSMS:
An aneurysm can develop anywhere along the aorta, about 75% occur in the abdominal section. The rest occur in the section that runs through the thorax. Thoracic aortic aneurysms, including those that extend from the descending thoracic aorta into the upper abdomen (thoracoabdominal aneurysms), account for about 25% of aortic aneurysms.
Aortic aneurysms are classified by shape, location along the aorta, and how they are formed.
The wall of the aorta is made up of three layers: a thin inner layer of smooth cells called the endothelium, a muscular middle layer which has elastic fibers in it called the media, and a tough outer layer called the adventitia. When the walls of the aneurysm have all three layers, they are called true aneurysms. If the wall of the aneurysm has only the outer layer remaining, it is called a pseudoaneurysm. Pseudoaneurysms may occur as a result of trauma when the inner layers are torn apart.
Most abdominal aortic aneurysms are caused by atherosclerosis. Thoracic aorta dissections are caused by an intimal tear. Hypertension is seen in at least 80% of these patients. Specific etiologies include degeneration of the thoracic media, Marfan's syndrome, coarctation of the aorta (as seen in Turner's syndrome, etc.), trauma, association with bicuspid aortic valves, but not directly related to atherosclerotic disease of the aorta.
Intervention is needed when aneurysmal changes of the aorta and or associated arteries (iliac, renal etc.) pose a risk of rupture. Intervention then can be through open surgery or by endovascular placement of a prosthesis.
A. Placement of Endovascular Prosthesis for Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
1. Catheter delivery of an endovascular graft into the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries is a treatment alternative to open surgical replacement of the aneurysmal arteries. An endovascular device is composed of a fabric conduit supported with metallic components that are collapsed into a delivery system. It is introduced into the patient through surgical or percutaneous arterial access in the groin(s). Under angiographic guidance, the prosthesis is positioned to create a seal with a normal segment of arterial wall proximally and distally. When appropriately positioned, it is allowed to expand to full size and is anchored to the arterial wall with a variety of metal frameworks and/or attachment devices. The grafts may be composed of one or more modules that are positioned and docked to one another within the arterial system. Extensions of the graft and fastening hardware may be required to complete secure attachment of the devices to the arterial wall.
2. Very precise imaging of the patient s anatomy is required prior to delivery of an endovascular prosthesis as the device must be exactly the correct diameter and length to make a secure seal that will exclude the arterial blood flow from the aneurysm. Imaging is performed with digital computerized reconstruction arteriography, computerized tomography (radiographic and/or magnetic resonance) that allows multiple projections to fully appreciate the three dimensional configuration of the arterial tree. The arterial lumen may be imaged with intra-vascular ultrasound. Arterial embolization may be required to occlude side branches communicating with the aneurysm. Angioplasty may be used to enlarge the iliac arteries to permit delivery of the graft components.
3. Follow-up of an endovascular device is required to confirm that the device has not migrated and that the aneurysmal sac does not continue to enlarge. Follow-up studies also determine if there are endoleaks or other evidence of arterial flow in the excluded aneurysmal segment. The duration and intensity of follow-up will be determined when long-term series experiences with this technique are reported.
Recognized benefits of EVAR include reduced morbidity, ICU and hospital length of stay, and
lower perioperative mortality, especially among elderly patients. This has led to the widespread adoption of this technology. In randomized prospective trials such as EVAR-1 trial and the DREAM trial were in-hospital mortality was 1.7% and 1.2% for EVAR and 6% and 4.6% for OSR, respectively.
In a recent analysis of 45,000 propensity score-matched Medicare beneficiaries treated by EVAR and OSR, mortality was significantly lower after EVAR (1.2% vs 4.8%; P _ .001), with reduction in mortality most pronounced for those of advanced age (80 to 84 years).
B. Placement of Endovascular Prosthesis for Treatment of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA)
Aneurysms of the thoracic aorta can be effectively treated by endovascular stent-grafting, but this approach requires suitable lengths of normal aorta proximal and distal to the defect for device fixation. If a major arterial branch lies within the aneurysm, the repair is more complex and may involve concomitant surgical or endoluminal procedures to reroute blood flow to vital organs or prevent continued perfusion of the aneurysm sac.
Because thoracic aneurysms often involve the abdominal aorta to some extent, the applicability and complexity of endograft repair depends on the number of critical vessels arising from or immediately adjacent to the aneurysm.
Before the operation, the patient will be assessed for feasibility of endovascular repair. This will include assessment of the general medical condition and other coexisting diseases, the surgical and anesthetic risk of the operation and whether the vascular configuration is suitable for stent graft. For non-emergency cases, a detailed CT scan and angiogram of the thoracic aorta and its branches will usually be performed; the size of the iliac arteries in the pelvis and the femoral arteries in the groin regions will be measured. Other imaging methods like MRI and ultrasound may be used. For emergency cases, a CT scan may be the only pre-operative investigation performed; angiogram will only be performed just before the procedure.
Endovascular stent grafts may be considered medically necessary for the treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms of 23-37mm of inner aortic diameter. Diameter specifications are based on the parameters identified for FDA approved use of the GORE TAG endoprosthesis.
Results are available from the first completed multicenter trial directed at gaining approval from the US Food and Drug Administration for the endovascular repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. In this multicenter study, early outcomes utilizing endovascular stent grafts in the treatment of descending aortic aneurysms were very encouraging when compared with those of a well-matched surgical cohort.
Preliminary results utilizing TEVAR in the treatment for acute and chronic dissections reveal a reduced risk of paraplegia and lower mortality compared with open surgical treatment.
An endovascular approach for ruptured descending thoracic aorta reduces early morbidity, mortality, and duration of hospitalization, while providing equivalent late outcomes. These data support TEVAR emerging as the preferred therapy for patients presenting with descending aortic rupture.
III. Conditions of Coverage
Coverage for above indications for non-coronary vascular stents depends on the use of a FDA approved stent. Several different stents are currently used in the medical community. Each device has specific indications described by the FDA for approved market uses. Stent placement is covered by Medicare only when an FDA approved stent is:
- used for the FDA approved indications, or
- used for the above indications supported by peer- reviewed medical literature.
A. Vascular stents are deployed either following suboptimal or failed percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) or as a planned adjunct to PTA (so-called primary stenting). Medical documentation for both circumstances is necessary.
A sub-optimal or failed PTA is defined as a technically successful dilation judged by the physician to be suboptimal or failed due to the presence of unfavorable lesion morphology such as:
1. An inadequate angiographic and/or hemodynamic result as defined by a 30% or greater residual stenosis post PTA, lesion recoil, or intimal flaps.
2. Flow-limiting dissections post PTA.
3. A 5-mm Hg or greater mean trans-stenotic pressure gradient post PTA.
4. Acute occlusion of the vessel post PTA.
B. A stent may be placed as a planned adjunct to PTA rather than in reaction to a failed PTA (so-called primary deployments). Primary stenting is likely to be performed for the following conditions.
1. Lesions unfavorable for primary PTA include those with:
a. significant calcification,
b. eccentricity,
c. extrinsic compression,
d. propensity for significant recoil,
e. potential PTA-induced vessel damage, including malignant and benign extrinsic venous obstruction, renal/visceral artery ostial stenosis, hemodialysis access stenosis
2. Chronic or acute arterial occlusions where there is risk of distal embolization.
C. A non-coronary intravascular stent(s) that carries an Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) may be covered under Medicare. Medicare coverage of IDE devices is predicated, in part, upon their status with the FDA. Payment will cease in the event a manufacturer loses it s (or violates relevant IDE requirements necessitating FDA's withdrawal of) IDE approval. The FDA issues a special identifier number that corresponds to each device or stent(s) granted an IDE.
Vascular stents are currently used to enhance primary patency following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in arteries and veins, usually at the site of stenotic or occlusive lesions. Stents may be used as an adjunct to technically inadequate PTA or in cases where PTA alone will not be expected to provide a durable result. Vascular stents are typically made of woven, laser-cut or welded metal (stainless steel or nitinol) that permits the device to be compressed onto a catheter. The specific engineering of an individual stent will create a design that is balloon-expandable or self-expanding when deployed into a vessel with the use of radiological guidance. Stenting procedures may be deployed when a stenotic or occluded arterial or venous segment can be traversed with a catheter directed technique from a remote percutaneous site. Once deployed, the device remains permanently in the vessel.
Endovascular graft placement in the abdominal aorta is a treatment option to open procedures in the treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA).
Endovascular graft placement in the thoracic aorta is a treatment option to open procedures in the treatment of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA).
Indications and Limitations of Coverage and/or Medical Necessity
I. Percutaneous Placement of Peripheral Grafts/Stents
Peripheral vascular stenting may be covered for patients with symptomatic arterial and venous disease resulting in an occlusive or aneurysmal process. Historically, these vascular lesions would be treated with direct surgical intervention. These surgical procedures may have significant co-morbidities (cardiac, pulmonary, renal and anesthetic associated complications) in the patient population affected with such arterial or venous diseases. Appropriate symptoms at the designated vascular sites include:
A. Renal artery:
Renal artery stenting is covered for:
1. Uncontrolled malignant hypertension despite multidrug therapy who have been found to have unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis equal to or greater than 50% by nuclear medicine studies, renal artery duplex, or renal arteriography (conventional catheter angiography, CT angiography, or MR angiography). Stenting meets coverage criteria for ostial lesions, for angioplasty with sub-optimal results, and for dissection. It is also met for patients with renal artery stenosis of < 50%, and suspected renovascular malignant hypertension. For patients with renal artery stenosis of < 50%, and suspected renovascular malignant hypertension, coverage criteria are met if renal vein renin studies indicate the hypertension is due to renal artery disease
2. Progressive renal insufficiency due to atherosclerotic stenosis of > 70%. Stenting meets coverage criteria for ostial lesions, for angioplasty with sub-optimal results, and for dissection. Data available to date suggests that in patients with abnormal renal function, treatment of hemodynamically significant unilateral or bilateral RAS is beneficial in improving and/or stabilizing renal function
3. Recurrent congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, or coronary ischemia in the setting of stenosis of the renal artery(s) of > 60%. Stenting meets coverage criteria for ostial lesions, for angioplasty with suboptimal results, and for dissection. Cardiac syndromes attributable to RAS include exacerbations of congestive heart failure and coronary ischemia. Improving renal perfusion reduces renin production, which augments natriuresis and permits the use of angiotensin antagonists. Renal artery stenting in the setting of recurrent episodes of congestive heart failure and flash pulmonary edema has been shown to decrease the frequency of congestive heart failure, flash pulmonary edema, and the need for hospitalization in most patients.
4. Renal artery stenosis of > 50% in a transplanted kidney. Stenting meets coverage criteria for ostial lesions, for angioplasty with suboptimal results, and for dissection. PTA is the initial treatment of choice. Endovascular stent placement is used to treat suboptimal PTA result and to treat restenosis following PTA (reported restenosis occurs in 5% 30% of patients over a 6 8-month period).
5. There are no well-controlled prospective, randomized investigations to measure the relative risk and benefit of endovascular interventions (or associated medical therapies) in individuals with asymptomatic renal artery disease, and thus the role of such interventions remains controversial.
Recommendations regarding the role of percutaneous revascularization of asymptomatic renal disease are made largely on the basis of expert opinion and are not based on evidence that treatment of asymptomatic RAS improves any renal or systemic outcome, including renal preservation, blood pressure, or cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. Therefore, these recommendations are still considered controversial and must be individualized for the patient by each treating physician. The recommendations will likely be modified once controlled prospective data become available.
However, it appears that untreated RAS does result in excess mortality. We will cover renal atherosclerosis (ICD-9 code 440.1) when there is "hemodynamically significant stenosis of greater than 50%".
B. Mesenteric vessels.
This includes acute mesenteric ischemia, chronic mesenteric ischemia, mesenteric thrombosis, dissection or any other vascular insufficiency resulting in gastrointestinal symptoms. Stenting of the mesenteric vessels is covered when angioplasty of the vessels would not suffice and after the patient has had a thorough medical evaluation and management of symptoms, and for whom surgical intervention is the likely alternative. In these situations, PTA and stent placement should be considered an alternative to surgery and not an addition to medical management. Recent studies have shown that the clinical efficacy and low complication rate of visceral arterial stenting compare well with the known morbidity and mortality of open surgical management of such occlusive mesenteric diseases. PTA with stent support as necessary is being used with increasing frequency for the revascularization of chronic and acute mesenteric ischemia. Based on significantly lower in-hospital mortality and lower complications, PTA/S appears to be reasonable firstline therapy in selected patients, particularly in the setting of chronic mesenteric ischemia. PTA/S may be useful in selected patients with acute mesenteric ischemia and appropriate anatomy.
C. Lower Extremity Arteries (iliac, femoral, popliteal, tibial):
Lifestyle limiting claudication, ischemic rest pain, nonhealing tissue ulceration, focal gangrene, dissection, impending failure of a lower extremity bypass graft.
The American Heart Association guidelines recommend endovascular therapy (including stent support, either as a primary intervention or in the setting of suboptimal angioplasty) for symptoms that interfere with job performance or lifestyle and who have had an inadequate response to exercise or pharmacologic therapy, as long as it is suggested that there is a reasonable likelihood of symptomatic improvement and the risk benefit ratio is very high.
Stents can be useful in the iliac, femoral, popliteal, and tibial arteries as salvage therapy for suboptimal or failed result from angioplasty (e.g., persistent translesional gradient, residual diameter stenosis greater than 30%, or flow limiting dissection).
D. Hemodialysis Access graft/fistula: Stenosis, restenosis, and occlusion
A study by Vogel et al suggests that nitinol stents are safe and effective for treating dialysis access venous stenoses (central and peripheral) that are resistant to standard angioplasty.
E. Superior Vena Cava Superior vena cava syndrome and venous occlusions:
Superior vena cava syndrome, post radiation venous stenosis, and congenital stenosis, or webs, extrinsic venous compression and symptomatic post-traumatic venous stenoses.
A study by Nicholson et al suggests that percutaneous stenting in the setting of malignant superior vena cava syndrome meets the requirements of a palliative procedure significantly better than radiation therapy and that it should be the procedure of first choice.
F. Brachiocephalic Arteries: Subclavian steal syndrome, upper extremity claudication, ischemic rest pain of the arms and hand, non-healing tissue ulceration, focal gangrene, and dissection.
Subclavian arterial stent implantation is associated with better 1-year patency than PTA due to improved technical success. In a review by van Hattum et al, PTA with or without stent placement in a stenotic or occlusive brachiocephalic artery was found to be a safe procedure with a high initial success rate. Selective stent placement probably improves long-term success. PTA with selective stent placement should be considered the preferred treatment option.
Stenting of the inflow arteries, such as the innominate or subclavian, when they are the inflow vessels of an arteriovenous fistula for chronic Hemodialysis and are significantly stenotic is often useful.
Stenting of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) post CABG may be needed in response to chest pain due to reduction of flow within the artery during use of upper extremities. The internal mammary artery is a vessel that is used in both coronary and non coronary interventions so we mention it here.
G. Iliac veins and Inferior Vena Cava
Venous stenting is becoming more frequent. The most common usage is the treatment of iliac vein compression in the setting of deep venous thrombosis or symptomatic venous stasis (ex. iliac vein compression syndrome, i.e. May Thurner). Jong-Youn Kim et al experienced decreased recurrent thrombosis in those patients treated with stenting as opposed to PTA alone. An article published in JVIR by Patel et al concludes that in the setting of May Thurner Syndrome, the involved left common iliac vein invariably requires stent placement. The published literature to date argues that stenting is the preferred treatment for iliac compression in the setting of DVT or symptomatic venous stasis.
H. Carotid Arteries
For national coverage requirements regarding carotid stents refer to the National Coverage Decision
II. ANEURYSMS:
An aneurysm can develop anywhere along the aorta, about 75% occur in the abdominal section. The rest occur in the section that runs through the thorax. Thoracic aortic aneurysms, including those that extend from the descending thoracic aorta into the upper abdomen (thoracoabdominal aneurysms), account for about 25% of aortic aneurysms.
Aortic aneurysms are classified by shape, location along the aorta, and how they are formed.
The wall of the aorta is made up of three layers: a thin inner layer of smooth cells called the endothelium, a muscular middle layer which has elastic fibers in it called the media, and a tough outer layer called the adventitia. When the walls of the aneurysm have all three layers, they are called true aneurysms. If the wall of the aneurysm has only the outer layer remaining, it is called a pseudoaneurysm. Pseudoaneurysms may occur as a result of trauma when the inner layers are torn apart.
Most abdominal aortic aneurysms are caused by atherosclerosis. Thoracic aorta dissections are caused by an intimal tear. Hypertension is seen in at least 80% of these patients. Specific etiologies include degeneration of the thoracic media, Marfan's syndrome, coarctation of the aorta (as seen in Turner's syndrome, etc.), trauma, association with bicuspid aortic valves, but not directly related to atherosclerotic disease of the aorta.
Intervention is needed when aneurysmal changes of the aorta and or associated arteries (iliac, renal etc.) pose a risk of rupture. Intervention then can be through open surgery or by endovascular placement of a prosthesis.
A. Placement of Endovascular Prosthesis for Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
1. Catheter delivery of an endovascular graft into the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries is a treatment alternative to open surgical replacement of the aneurysmal arteries. An endovascular device is composed of a fabric conduit supported with metallic components that are collapsed into a delivery system. It is introduced into the patient through surgical or percutaneous arterial access in the groin(s). Under angiographic guidance, the prosthesis is positioned to create a seal with a normal segment of arterial wall proximally and distally. When appropriately positioned, it is allowed to expand to full size and is anchored to the arterial wall with a variety of metal frameworks and/or attachment devices. The grafts may be composed of one or more modules that are positioned and docked to one another within the arterial system. Extensions of the graft and fastening hardware may be required to complete secure attachment of the devices to the arterial wall.
2. Very precise imaging of the patient s anatomy is required prior to delivery of an endovascular prosthesis as the device must be exactly the correct diameter and length to make a secure seal that will exclude the arterial blood flow from the aneurysm. Imaging is performed with digital computerized reconstruction arteriography, computerized tomography (radiographic and/or magnetic resonance) that allows multiple projections to fully appreciate the three dimensional configuration of the arterial tree. The arterial lumen may be imaged with intra-vascular ultrasound. Arterial embolization may be required to occlude side branches communicating with the aneurysm. Angioplasty may be used to enlarge the iliac arteries to permit delivery of the graft components.
3. Follow-up of an endovascular device is required to confirm that the device has not migrated and that the aneurysmal sac does not continue to enlarge. Follow-up studies also determine if there are endoleaks or other evidence of arterial flow in the excluded aneurysmal segment. The duration and intensity of follow-up will be determined when long-term series experiences with this technique are reported.
Recognized benefits of EVAR include reduced morbidity, ICU and hospital length of stay, and
lower perioperative mortality, especially among elderly patients. This has led to the widespread adoption of this technology. In randomized prospective trials such as EVAR-1 trial and the DREAM trial were in-hospital mortality was 1.7% and 1.2% for EVAR and 6% and 4.6% for OSR, respectively.
In a recent analysis of 45,000 propensity score-matched Medicare beneficiaries treated by EVAR and OSR, mortality was significantly lower after EVAR (1.2% vs 4.8%; P _ .001), with reduction in mortality most pronounced for those of advanced age (80 to 84 years).
B. Placement of Endovascular Prosthesis for Treatment of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA)
Aneurysms of the thoracic aorta can be effectively treated by endovascular stent-grafting, but this approach requires suitable lengths of normal aorta proximal and distal to the defect for device fixation. If a major arterial branch lies within the aneurysm, the repair is more complex and may involve concomitant surgical or endoluminal procedures to reroute blood flow to vital organs or prevent continued perfusion of the aneurysm sac.
Because thoracic aneurysms often involve the abdominal aorta to some extent, the applicability and complexity of endograft repair depends on the number of critical vessels arising from or immediately adjacent to the aneurysm.
Before the operation, the patient will be assessed for feasibility of endovascular repair. This will include assessment of the general medical condition and other coexisting diseases, the surgical and anesthetic risk of the operation and whether the vascular configuration is suitable for stent graft. For non-emergency cases, a detailed CT scan and angiogram of the thoracic aorta and its branches will usually be performed; the size of the iliac arteries in the pelvis and the femoral arteries in the groin regions will be measured. Other imaging methods like MRI and ultrasound may be used. For emergency cases, a CT scan may be the only pre-operative investigation performed; angiogram will only be performed just before the procedure.
Endovascular stent grafts may be considered medically necessary for the treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms of 23-37mm of inner aortic diameter. Diameter specifications are based on the parameters identified for FDA approved use of the GORE TAG endoprosthesis.
Results are available from the first completed multicenter trial directed at gaining approval from the US Food and Drug Administration for the endovascular repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. In this multicenter study, early outcomes utilizing endovascular stent grafts in the treatment of descending aortic aneurysms were very encouraging when compared with those of a well-matched surgical cohort.
Preliminary results utilizing TEVAR in the treatment for acute and chronic dissections reveal a reduced risk of paraplegia and lower mortality compared with open surgical treatment.
An endovascular approach for ruptured descending thoracic aorta reduces early morbidity, mortality, and duration of hospitalization, while providing equivalent late outcomes. These data support TEVAR emerging as the preferred therapy for patients presenting with descending aortic rupture.
III. Conditions of Coverage
Coverage for above indications for non-coronary vascular stents depends on the use of a FDA approved stent. Several different stents are currently used in the medical community. Each device has specific indications described by the FDA for approved market uses. Stent placement is covered by Medicare only when an FDA approved stent is:
- used for the FDA approved indications, or
- used for the above indications supported by peer- reviewed medical literature.
A. Vascular stents are deployed either following suboptimal or failed percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) or as a planned adjunct to PTA (so-called primary stenting). Medical documentation for both circumstances is necessary.
A sub-optimal or failed PTA is defined as a technically successful dilation judged by the physician to be suboptimal or failed due to the presence of unfavorable lesion morphology such as:
1. An inadequate angiographic and/or hemodynamic result as defined by a 30% or greater residual stenosis post PTA, lesion recoil, or intimal flaps.
2. Flow-limiting dissections post PTA.
3. A 5-mm Hg or greater mean trans-stenotic pressure gradient post PTA.
4. Acute occlusion of the vessel post PTA.
B. A stent may be placed as a planned adjunct to PTA rather than in reaction to a failed PTA (so-called primary deployments). Primary stenting is likely to be performed for the following conditions.
1. Lesions unfavorable for primary PTA include those with:
a. significant calcification,
b. eccentricity,
c. extrinsic compression,
d. propensity for significant recoil,
e. potential PTA-induced vessel damage, including malignant and benign extrinsic venous obstruction, renal/visceral artery ostial stenosis, hemodialysis access stenosis
2. Chronic or acute arterial occlusions where there is risk of distal embolization.
C. A non-coronary intravascular stent(s) that carries an Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) may be covered under Medicare. Medicare coverage of IDE devices is predicated, in part, upon their status with the FDA. Payment will cease in the event a manufacturer loses it s (or violates relevant IDE requirements necessitating FDA's withdrawal of) IDE approval. The FDA issues a special identifier number that corresponds to each device or stent(s) granted an IDE.
Coding Information
Bill Type Codes:
Contractors may specify Bill Types to help providers identify those Bill Types typically used to report this service. Absence of a Bill Type does not guarantee that the policy does not apply to that Bill Type. Complete absence of all Bill Types indicates that coverage is not influenced by Bill Type and the policy should be assumed to apply equally to all claims.
| 011x | Hospital Inpatient (Including Medicare Part A) |
| 012x | Hospital Inpatient (Medicare Part B only) |
| 013x | Hospital Outpatient |
| 083x | Ambulatory Surgery Center |
| 085x | Critical Access Hospital |
Revenue Codes:
CPT/HCPCS Codes
Contractors may specify Revenue Codes to help providers identify those Revenue Codes typically used to report this service. In most instances Revenue Codes are purely advisory; unless specified in the policy services reported under other Revenue Codes are equally subject to this coverage determination. Complete absence of all Revenue Codes indicates that coverage is not influenced by Revenue Code and the policy should be assumed to apply equally to all Revenue Codes.
| 320X | Radiology - Diagnostic - General Classification |
| 340X | Nuclear Medicine - General Classification |
| 350X | CT Scan - General Classification |
| 400X | Other Imaging Services - General Classification |
| 610X | Magnetic Resonance Technology (MRT) - General Classification |
| 960X | Professional Fees - General Classification |
| 33880 | ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA (EG, ANEURYSM, PSEUDOANEURYSM, DISSECTION, PENETRATING ULCER, INTRAMURAL HEMATOMA, OR TRAUMATIC DISRUPTION); INVOLVING COVERAGE OF LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY ORIGIN, INITIAL ENDOPROSTHESIS PLUS DESCENDING THORACIC AORTIC EXTENSION(S), IF REQUIRED, TO LEVEL OF CELIAC ARTERY ORIGIN |
| 33881 | ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA (EG, ANEURYSM, PSEUDOANEURYSM, DISSECTION, PENETRATING ULCER, INTRAMURAL HEMATOMA, OR TRAUMATIC DISRUPTION); NOT INVOLVING COVERAGE OF LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY ORIGIN, INITIAL ENDOPROSTHESIS PLUS DESCENDING THORACIC AORTIC EXTENSION(S), IF REQUIRED, TO LEVEL OF CELIAC ARTERY ORIGIN |
| 33883 | PLACEMENT OF PROXIMAL EXTENSION PROSTHESIS FOR ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA (EG, ANEURYSM, PSEUDOANEURYSM, DISSECTION, PENETRATING ULCER, INTRAMURAL HEMATOMA, OR TRAUMATIC DISRUPTION); INITIAL EXTENSION |
| 33884 | PLACEMENT OF PROXIMAL EXTENSION PROSTHESIS FOR ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA (EG, ANEURYSM, PSEUDOANEURYSM, DISSECTION, PENETRATING ULCER, INTRAMURAL HEMATOMA, OR TRAUMATIC DISRUPTION); EACH ADDITIONAL PROXIMAL EXTENSION (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE) |
| 33886 | PLACEMENT OF DISTAL EXTENSION PROSTHESIS(S) DELAYED AFTER ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA |
| 33889 | OPEN SUBCLAVIAN TO CAROTID ARTERY TRANSPOSITION PERFORMED IN CONJUNCTION WITH ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA, BY NECK INCISION, UNILATERAL |
| 33891 | BYPASS GRAFT, WITH OTHER THAN VEIN, TRANSCERVICAL RETROPHARYNGEAL CAROTID-CAROTID, PERFORMED IN CONJUNCTION WITH ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA, BY NECK INCISION |
| 34800 | ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF INFRARENAL ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM OR DISSECTION; USING AORTO-AORTIC TUBE PROSTHESIS |
| 34802 | ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF INFRARENAL ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM OR DISSECTION; USING MODULAR BIFURCATED PROSTHESIS (1 DOCKING LIMB) |
| 34803 | ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF INFRARENAL ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM OR DISSECTION; USING MODULAR BIFURCATED PROSTHESIS (2 DOCKING LIMBS) |
| 34804 | ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF INFRARENAL ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM OR DISSECTION; USING UNIBODY BIFURCATED PROSTHESIS |
| 34805 | ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF INFRARENAL ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM OR DISSECTION; USING AORTO-UNIILIAC OR AORTO-UNIFEMORAL PROSTHESIS |
| 34808 | ENDOVASCULAR PLACEMENT OF ILIAC ARTERY OCCLUSION DEVICE (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE) |
| 34812 | OPEN FEMORAL ARTERY EXPOSURE FOR DELIVERY OF ENDOVASCULAR PROSTHESIS, BY GROIN INCISION, UNILATERAL |
| 34813 | PLACEMENT OF FEMORAL-FEMORAL PROSTHETIC GRAFT DURING ENDOVASCULAR AORTIC ANEURYSM REPAIR (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE) |
| 34820 | OPEN ILIAC ARTERY EXPOSURE FOR DELIVERY OF ENDOVASCULAR PROSTHESIS OR ILIAC OCCLUSION DURING ENDOVASCULAR THERAPY, BY ABDOMINAL OR RETROPERITONEAL INCISION, UNILATERAL |
| 34825 | PLACEMENT OF PROXIMAL OR DISTAL EXTENSION PROSTHESIS FOR ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF INFRARENAL ABDOMINAL AORTIC OR ILIAC ANEURYSM, FALSE ANEURYSM, OR DISSECTION; INITIAL VESSEL |
| 34826 | PLACEMENT OF PROXIMAL OR DISTAL EXTENSION PROSTHESIS FOR ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF INFRARENAL ABDOMINAL AORTIC OR ILIAC ANEURYSM, FALSE ANEURYSM, OR DISSECTION; EACH ADDITIONAL VESSEL (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE) |
| 34830 | OPEN REPAIR OF INFRARENAL AORTIC ANEURYSM OR DISSECTION, PLUS REPAIR OF ASSOCIATED ARTERIAL TRAUMA, FOLLOWING UNSUCCESSFUL ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR; TUBE PROSTHESIS |
| 34831 | OPEN REPAIR OF INFRARENAL AORTIC ANEURYSM OR DISSECTION, PLUS REPAIR OF ASSOCIATED ARTERIAL TRAUMA, FOLLOWING UNSUCCESSFUL ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR; AORTO-BI-ILIAC PROSTHESIS |
| 34832 | OPEN REPAIR OF INFRARENAL AORTIC ANEURYSM OR DISSECTION, PLUS REPAIR OF ASSOCIATED ARTERIAL TRAUMA, FOLLOWING UNSUCCESSFUL ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR; AORTO-BIFEMORAL PROSTHESIS |
| 34833 | OPEN ILIAC ARTERY EXPOSURE WITH CREATION OF CONDUIT FOR DELIVERY OF AORTIC OR ILIAC ENDOVASCULAR PROSTHESIS, BY ABDOMINAL OR RETROPERITONEAL INCISION, UNILATERAL |
| 34834 | OPEN BRACHIAL ARTERY EXPOSURE TO ASSIST IN THE DEPLOYMENT OF AORTIC OR ILIAC ENDOVASCULAR PROSTHESIS BY ARM INCISION, UNILATERAL |
| 34900 | ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF ILIAC ARTERY (EG, ANEURYSM, PSEUDOANEURYSM, ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION, TRAUMA) USING ILIO-ILIAC TUBE ENDOPROSTHESIS |
| 37205 | TRANSCATHETER PLACEMENT OF AN INTRAVASCULAR STENT(S) (EXCEPT CORONARY, CAROTID, VERTEBRAL, ILLIAC, AND LOWER EXTREMITY ARTERIES), PERCUTANEOUS; INITIAL VESSEL |
| 37206 | TRANSCATHETER PLACEMENT OF AN INTRAVASCULAR STENT(S) (EXCEPT CORONARY, CAROTID, VERTEBRAL, ILLIAC, AND LOWER EXTREMITY ARTERIES), PERCUTANEOUS; EACH ADDITIONAL VESSEL (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE) |
| 37207 | TRANSCATHETER PLACEMENT OF AN INTRAVASCULAR STENT(S) (EXCEPT CORONARY, CAROTID, VERTEBRAL, ILIAC AND LOWER EXTREMITY ARTERIES), OPEN; INITIAL VESSEL |
| 37208 | TRANSCATHETER PLACEMENT OF AN INTRAVASCULAR STENT(S) (EXCEPT CORONARY, CAROTID, VERTEBRAL, ILIAC AND LOWER EXTREMITY ARTERIES), OPEN; EACH ADDITIONAL VESSEL (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE) |
| 37799 | UNLISTED PROCEDURE, VASCULAR SURGERY |
| 75952 | ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF INFRARENAL ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM OR DISSECTION, RADIOLOGICAL SUPERVISION AND INTERPRETATION |
| 75953 | PLACEMENT OF PROXIMAL OR DISTAL EXTENSION PROSTHESIS FOR ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF INFRARENAL AORTIC OR ILIAC ARTERY ANEURYSM, PSEUDOANEURYSM, OR DISSECTION, RADIOLOGICAL SUPERVISION AND INTERPRETATION |
| 75954 | ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF ILIAC ARTERY ANEURYSM, PSEUDOANEURYSM, ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION, OR TRAUMA, USING ILIO-ILIAC TUBE ENDOPROSTHESIS, RADIOLOGICAL SUPERVISION AND INTERPRETATION |
| 75956 | ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA (EG, ANEURYSM, PSEUDOANEURYSM, DISSECTION, PENETRATING ULCER, INTRAMURAL HEMATOMA, OR TRAUMATIC DISRUPTION); INVOLVING COVERAGE OF LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY ORIGIN, INITIAL ENDOPROSTHESIS PLUS DESCENDING THORACIC AORTIC EXTENSION(S), IF REQUIRED, TO LEVEL OF CELIAC ARTERY ORIGIN, RADIOLOGICAL SUPERVISION AND INTERPRETATION |
| 75957 | ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA (EG, ANEURYSM, PSEUDOANEURYSM, DISSECTION, PENETRATING ULCER, INTRAMURAL HEMATOMA, OR TRAUMATIC DISRUPTION); NOT INVOLVING COVERAGE OF LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY ORIGIN, INITIAL ENDOPROSTHESIS PLUS DESCENDING THORACIC AORTIC EXTENSION(S), IF REQUIRED, TO LEVEL OF CELIAC ARTERY ORIGIN, RADIOLOGICAL SUPERVISION AND INTERPRETATION |
| 75958 | PLACEMENT OF PROXIMAL EXTENSION PROSTHESIS FOR ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA (EG, ANEURYSM, PSEUDOANEURYSM, DISSECTION, PENETRATING ULCER, INTRAMURAL HEMATOMA, OR TRAUMATIC DISRUPTION), RADIOLOGICAL SUPERVISION AND INTERPRETATION |
| 75959 | PLACEMENT OF DISTAL EXTENSION PROSTHESIS(S) (DELAYED) AFTER ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA, AS NEEDED, TO LEVEL OF CELIAC ORIGIN, RADIOLOGICAL SUPERVISION AND INTERPRETATION |
| 75960 | TRANSCATHETER INTRODUCTION OF INTRAVASCULAR STENT(S) (EXCEPT CORONARY, CAROTID, VERTEBRAL, ILIAC, AND LOWER EXTREMITY ARTERY), PERCUTANEOUS AND/OR OPEN, RADIOLOGICAL SUPERVISION AND INTERPRETATION, EACH VESSEL |
ICD-9 Codes that Support Medical Necessity
Note: ICD-9 codes must be coded to the highest level of specificity.
Renal (34833, 34834, 37205-37208, 75960)
Hypertension
Stenosis or Restenosis (unilateral or bilateral)
Renal Failure
Atherosclerosis
Dissection
Post Transplant
Other
Mesenteric Arteries (37205-37208, 75960)
Lower Extremity Arteries (34833, 34834, 34900, 37205-37208, 75960)
Claudication
Rest pain
Non-healing ulcer
Focal gangrene
Dissection
Stenosis/Restenosis/Occlusion
Other
Hemodialysis Access Graft/Fistula (37205-37208, 75960)
Stenosis/Restenosis/Occlusion
Superior Vena Cava (37205-37208, 75960)
Superior vena cava syndrome and venous occlusions
Stenosis/Restenosis/Occlusion
Post-radiation fibrotic stenosis
Face and/or neck swelling
Brachiocephalic Arteries (including subclavian, except carotid, vertebral and cerebral) (37205-37208, 75960)
Stenosis/Restenosis/Occlusion
Claudication
Rest pain
Non-healing ulcer
Focal gangrene
Embolism
Dissection
Abdominal Aorta (34800, 34802, 34803, 34804, 34805, 34808, 34813, 34820, 34825, 34826, 34830, 34831, 34832, 34833, 34834, 37205-37208, 75952, 75953, 75954, 75960)
Aneurysm or Injury
Thoracic Aorta: 33880, 33881, 33883, 33884, 33886, 33889, 33891, 34820, 34833, 34834
Aneurysm or Injury
Renal (34833, 34834, 37205-37208, 75960)
Hypertension
| 403.00 - 403.91 | HYPERTENSIVE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, MALIGNANT, WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE STAGE I THROUGH STAGE IV, OR UNSPECIFIED - HYPERTENSIVE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, UNSPECIFIED, WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE STAGE V OR END STAGE RENAL DISEASE |
| 404.00 - 404.93 | HYPERTENSIVE HEART AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, MALIGNANT, WITHOUT HEART FAILURE AND WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE STAGE I THROUGH STAGE IV, OR UNSPECIFIED - HYPERTENSIVE HEART AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, UNSPECIFIED, WITH HEART FAILURE AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE STAGE V OR END STAGE RENAL DISEASE |
| 405.01 | MALIGNANT RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION |
| 405.11 | BENIGN RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION |
| 405.91 | UNSPECIFIED RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION |
Stenosis or Restenosis (unilateral or bilateral)
| 453.3 | EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS OF RENAL VEIN |
| 593.81 | VASCULAR DISORDERS OF KIDNEY |
Renal Failure
| 584.5 - 584.9 | ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE WITH LESION OF TUBULAR NECROSIS - ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE, UNSPECIFIED |
| 585.6 | END STAGE RENAL DISEASE |
| 588.1 - 588.9 | NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS - UNSPECIFIED DISORDER RESULTING FROM IMPAIRED RENAL FUNCTION |
Atherosclerosis
| 440.1 | ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF RENAL ARTERY |
Dissection
| 442.1 | ANEURYSM OF RENAL ARTERY |
| 443.23 | DISSECTION OF RENAL ARTERY |
Post Transplant
| 996.81 | COMPLICATIONS OF TRANSPLANTED KIDNEY |
Other
| 447.1 | STRICTURE OF ARTERY |
| 447.3 | HYPERPLASIA OF RENAL ARTERY |
| 747.62 | RENAL VESSEL ANOMALY |
Mesenteric Arteries (37205-37208, 75960)
| 442.84 | ANEURYSM OF OTHER VISCERAL ARTERY |
| 557.0 | ACUTE VASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY OF INTESTINE |
| 557.1 | CHRONIC VASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY OF INTESTINE |
| 557.9 | UNSPECIFIED VASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY OF INTESTINE |
Lower Extremity Arteries (34833, 34834, 34900, 37205-37208, 75960)
Claudication
| 440.21 | ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF NATIVE ARTERIES OF THE EXTREMITIES WITH INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION |
Rest pain
| 440.22 | ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF NATIVE ARTERIES OF THE EXTREMITIES WITH REST PAIN |
| 729.5 | PAIN IN LIMB |
Non-healing ulcer
| 249.70 | SECONDARY DIABETES MELLITUS WITH PERIPHERAL CIRCULATORY DISORDERS, NOT STATED AS UNCONTROLLED, OR UNSPECIFIED |
| 249.71 | SECONDARY DIABETES MELLITUS WITH PERIPHERAL CIRCULATORY DISORDERS, UNCONTROLLED |
| 250.70 - 250.73 | DIABETES WITH PERIPHERAL CIRCULATORY DISORDERS, TYPE II OR UNSPECIFIED TYPE, NOT STATED AS UNCONTROLLED - DIABETES WITH PERIPHERAL CIRCULATORY DISORDERS, TYPE I [JUVENILE TYPE], UNCONTROLLED |
| 440.23 | ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF NATIVE ARTERIES OF THE EXTREMITIES WITH ULCERATION |
| 707.10 - 707.19 | UNSPECIFIED ULCER OF LOWER LIMB - ULCER OF OTHER PART OF LOWER LIMB |
Focal gangrene
| 440.24 | ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF NATIVE ARTERIES OF THE EXTREMITIES WITH GANGRENE |
| 785.4 | GANGRENE |
Dissection
| 441.02 | DISSECTION OF AORTA ABDOMINAL |
| 442.2 | ANEURYSM OF ILIAC ARTERY |
| 442.3 | ANEURYSM OF ARTERY OF LOWER EXTREMITY |
| 443.22 | DISSECTION OF ILIAC ARTERY |
| 443.23 | DISSECTION OF RENAL ARTERY |
| 443.29 | DISSECTION OF OTHER ARTERY |
Stenosis/Restenosis/Occlusion
| 440.0 | ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF AORTA |
| 747.22 | CONGENITAL ATRESIA AND STENOSIS OF AORTA |
Other
| 440.29 | OTHER ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF NATIVE ARTERIES OF THE EXTREMITIES |
| 443.9 | PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE UNSPECIFIED |
| 444.21 | ARTERIAL EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS OF UPPER EXTREMITY |
| 444.22 | ARTERIAL EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS OF LOWER EXTREMITY |
| 444.81 | EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS OF ILIAC ARTERY |
| 444.89 | EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS OF OTHER ARTERY |
| 444.9 | EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS OF UNSPECIFIED ARTERY |
| 447.1 | STRICTURE OF ARTERY |
| 447.8 | OTHER SPECIFIED DISORDERS OF ARTERIES AND ARTERIOLES |
Hemodialysis Access Graft/Fistula (37205-37208, 75960)
Stenosis/Restenosis/Occlusion
| 440.31 | ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF AUTOLOGOUS VEIN BYPASS GRAFT OF THE EXTREMITIES |
| 440.32 | ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF NONAUTOLOGOUS BIOLOGICAL BYPASS GRAFT OF THE EXTREMITIES |
| 585.6 | END STAGE RENAL DISEASE |
| 996.1 | MECHANICAL COMPLICATION OF OTHER VASCULAR DEVICE IMPLANT AND GRAFT |
| 996.73 | OTHER COMPLICATIONS DUE TO RENAL DIALYSIS DEVICE IMPLANT AND GRAFT |
| 996.74 | OTHER COMPLICATIONS DUE TO OTHER VASCULAR DEVICE IMPLANT AND GRAFT |
Superior Vena Cava (37205-37208, 75960)
Superior vena cava syndrome and venous occlusions
| 459.2 | COMPRESSION OF VEIN |
Stenosis/Restenosis/Occlusion
| 747.49 | OTHER ANOMALIES OF GREAT VEINS |
Post-radiation fibrotic stenosis
| 990 | EFFECTS OF RADIATION UNSPECIFIED |
Face and/or neck swelling
| 784.2 | SWELLING MASS OR LUMP IN HEAD AND NECK |
Brachiocephalic Arteries (including subclavian, except carotid, vertebral and cerebral) (37205-37208, 75960)
Stenosis/Restenosis/Occlusion
| 435.2 | SUBCLAVIAN STEAL SYNDROME |
Claudication
| 440.21 | ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF NATIVE ARTERIES OF THE EXTREMITIES WITH INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION |
Rest pain
| 440.22 | ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF NATIVE ARTERIES OF THE EXTREMITIES WITH REST PAIN |
Non-healing ulcer
| 440.23 | ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF NATIVE ARTERIES OF THE EXTREMITIES WITH ULCERATION |
Focal gangrene
| 440.24 | ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF NATIVE ARTERIES OF THE EXTREMITIES WITH GANGRENE |
Embolism
| 444.21 | ARTERIAL EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS OF UPPER EXTREMITY |
| 444.9 | EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS OF UNSPECIFIED ARTERY |
Dissection
| 442.0 | ANEURYSM OF ARTERY OF UPPER EXTREMITY |
| 442.82 | ANEURYSM OF SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY |
Abdominal Aorta (34800, 34802, 34803, 34804, 34805, 34808, 34813, 34820, 34825, 34826, 34830, 34831, 34832, 34833, 34834, 37205-37208, 75952, 75953, 75954, 75960)
Aneurysm or Injury
| 441.02 | DISSECTION OF AORTA ABDOMINAL |
| 441.3 | ABDOMINAL ANEURYSM RUPTURED |
| 441.4 | ABDOMINAL ANEURYSM WITHOUT RUPTURE |
| 442.1 | ANEURYSM OF RENAL ARTERY |
| 442.2 | ANEURYSM OF ILIAC ARTERY |
| 447.70 | AORTIC ECTASIA, UNSPECIFIED SITE |
| 447.72 | ABDOMINAL AORTIC ECTASIA |
| 902.0 | INJURY TO ABDOMINAL AORTA |
Thoracic Aorta: 33880, 33881, 33883, 33884, 33886, 33889, 33891, 34820, 34833, 34834
Aneurysm or Injury
| 441.01 | DISSECTION OF AORTA THORACIC |
| 441.03 | DISSECTION OF AORTA THORACOABDOMINAL |
| 441.1 | THORACIC ANEURYSM RUPTURED |
| 441.2 | THORACIC ANEURYSM WITHOUT RUPTURE |
| 441.6 | THORACOABDOMINAL ANEURYSM RUPTURED |
| 441.7 | THORACOABDOMINAL ANEURYSM WITHOUT RUPTURE |
| 447.70 | AORTIC ECTASIA, UNSPECIFIED SITE |
| 447.71 | THORACIC AORTIC ECTASIA |
| 447.73 | THORACOABDOMINAL AORTIC ECTASIA |
| 901.0 | INJURY TO THORACIC AORTA |
Diagnoses that Support Medical Necessity
ICD-9 Codes that DO NOT Support Medical Necessity
ICD-9 Codes that DO NOT Support Medical Necessity Asterisk Explanation
Diagnoses that DO NOT Support Medical Necessity
General Information
1. Documentation supporting the medical necessity of this item, such as ICD-9 codes, must be submitted with each claim. Claims submitted without such evidence will be denied as being not medically necessary.
2. Documentation may be required with claims for Endovascular Repair of AAA or TAA. See Coding Guidelines.
Appendices
2. Documentation may be required with claims for Endovascular Repair of AAA or TAA. See Coding Guidelines.
*- An asterisk indicates a revision to that section of the policy.
This policy does not reflect the sole opinion of the contractor or Contractor Medical Director. Although the final decision rests with the MAC contractor this policy was developed in cooperation with advisory groups which include representatives from various specialties, and adapted for the purpose of converting to MAC jurisdiction.
Sources of Information and Basis for Decision
This policy does not reflect the sole opinion of the contractor or Contractor Medical Director. Although the final decision rests with the MAC contractor this policy was developed in cooperation with advisory groups which include representatives from various specialties, and adapted for the purpose of converting to MAC jurisdiction.
I. Society of Cardiovascular & Interventional Radiology (SCVIR), Government Affairs Committee; Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS); International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery-North American Chapter (ISCVS-NA)
*ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic); J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47;
1-192
II. Bibliography
Selected Literature References to Renal Artery Stenting
WHITE CJ, RAMEE SR, COLINS TJ, ESCOBAR A, JENKINS JS, SHAW D. €śRenal artery stent placement: utility in lesions difficult to treat with balloon angioplasty. €ť, J Am Coll Cardiol 1997 Nov 15;30(6):1445-50. Department of Cardiology, Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121, USA.
MOSS JG, CONNELL JM, DOMINICZAK AF, MACLEOD MF, BAXTER GM, HARDEN PN, RODGER RS,JUNOR BJ, BRIGGS JD. €śEffect of renal-artery stenting on progression of renovascular renal failure [see comments] €ť, Lancet 1997 Apr 19;349 (9059):1133-6. Renal Unit, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
LANGER M, BLUM U, GABELMANN A, BUITRAGO-TELLEZ C, KRUMME B, FLUGEL P, LEHNERT T, SCHOLLMEYER P. €śTreatment of ostial renal-artery stenoses with vascular endoprostheses after unsuccessful balloon angioplasty [see comments] €ť, N Engl J Med 1997 Feb 13;336 (7):459-65. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
RUNDBACK JH, JACOBS JM. €śPercutaneous renal artery stent placement for hypertension and azotemia: pilot study €ť, Am J Kidney Dis 1996 Aug;28 (2):214-9. Department of Radiology, Muhlenberg Hospital Center, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
DORROS G, DUFEK C, MATHIAK L, JAFF M, JAIN A. €śFollow-up of primary Palmaz-Schatz stent placement for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. €ť, Am J Cardiol 1995 May 15;75 (15):1051-5. William Dorros-Isadore Feuer Interventional Cardiovascular Disease Foundation, Ltd., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215-3660, USA.
REES CR, DAKE MD, SCHWARTEN DE, BECKER GJ, EHRMAN KO, NOELDGE G, PALMAZ JC, RICHTER GM, KATZEN BT. €śPalmaz stent in atherosclerotic stenoses involving the ostia of the renal arteries: preliminary report of a multicenter study. €ť, Radiology 1991 Nov:181 (2):507-14. Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio.
*PAUL S. WATSON, MBBS; PETER HADJIPETROU, MBBS; STEPHEN V. COX, MBBS; THOMAS C. PIEMONTE, MD; ANDREW C. EISENHAUER, MD Effect of Renal Artery Stenting on Renal Function and Size in Patients with Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease. Circulation. 2000;102:1671-1677
*C. J. COOPER AND T. P. MURPHY The Case for Renal Artery Stenting for Treatment of Renal Artery Stenosis Circulation, January 16, 2007; 115(2): 263 - 270.
*ZELLER T, FRANK U, MULLER C, BURGELIN K, SINN L, BESTEHORN HP, COOK-BRUNS N, NEUMANN F. Predictors of improved renal function after percutaneous stent-supported angioplasty of severe atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis. Circulation. 2003; 108: 2244 2249.
*B. H GRAY, J. W OLIN, M. B. CHILDS, T. M SULLIVAN, AND J M. BACHARACH
Clinical benefit of renal artery angioplasty with stenting for the control of recurrent and refractory congestive heart failure Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2002; 7(4): 275 - 279.
*BEECROFT JR, RAJAN DK, CLARK TW, ROBINETTE M, STAVROPOULOS SW. Transplant renal artery stenosis: outcome after percutaneous intervention. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004;15:1407 1413.
*SIERRE SD, RAYNAUD AC, CARRERES T, SAPOVAL MR, BEYSSEN BM, GAUX JC. Treatment of recurrent transplant renal artery stenosis with metallic stents. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998;9:639 644.
Selected Literature References to Mesenteric Artery Stenting
*MELHEM J. SHARAFUDDIN, MD,A,B CRAIG H. OLSON, BS,A SHILIANG SUN, MD,B TIMOTHY F. KRESOWIK, MD, FACS,A AND JOHN D. CORSON, MB, CHB, FRCS(ENG), FRCS(ED), FACS,. Endovascular treatment of celiac and mesenteric arteries stenoses: Applications and results. JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY Volume 38, Number 4
*MARC L. SCHERMERHORN, MD, KRISTINA A. GILES, MD, ALLEN D. HAMDAN, MD, MARK C. WYERS, MD, FRANK B. POMPOSELLI MD. Mesenteric Revascularization: management and outcomes in the United States, 1988-2006., J Vasc Surg 2009;50:341-8
Selected Literature References to Brachiocephalic Arteries Stenting
CRIADO FJ, QUERAL LA. €śThe role of angioplasty and stenting in the treatment of occlusive lesions of supra-aortic trunks. €ť, J Mal Vasc 1996;21 Suppl A:132-8. Division of Vascular Surgery, Maryland Vascular Institute, Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore MD, USA.
LYON RD, SHONNARD KM, MCCARTER DL, HAMMOND SL, FERGUSON D, RHOLL KS. €śSupra-aortic arterial stenoses: management with Palmaz balloon-expandable intraluminal stents. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996 Nov-Dec;7 (6):825-35. Department of Radiology, Fitzsimmons Army Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045-5001, USA
DORROS G, BATES MC, KUMAR K, PALMER L, DUFEK C, MATHIAK L. €śPrimary stent deployment in occlusive subclavian artery disease. €ť, Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1995 Apr;34 (4):281-5. William Dorros-Isadore Feuer Interventional Cardiovascular Disease Foundation, Ltd., Milwaukee, WI 53215, USA.
MATHIAS KD, LUTH I, HAARMANN P. €śPercutaneous transluminal angioplasty of proximal subclavian artery occlusions. €ť, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1993 Jul-Aug;16 (4):214-8. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Stadtische Kliniken, Federal Republic of Germany.
VOWERK D, SCHURMANN K, GUENTHER RW. €śStent Placement on fresh venous thrombosis. €ť, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1997 Sep-Oct; 20(5):359-63. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Technical University of Aachen, Fauweistrasee, D-52057 Aachen Germany.
MOTARJEME A. €śPercutaneous transluminal angioplasty of supra-aortic vessels. €ť, J Endovasc Surg 1996 May;3 (2):171-81. Midwest Vascular Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA.
*ELINE S. VAN HATTUM, JEAN-PAUL P.M. DE VRIES, FERRY LALEZARI, JOS C. VAN DEN BERG, FRANS L. Moll Angioplasty with or without Stent Placement in the Brachiocephalic Artery: Feasible and Durable? A Retrospective Cohort Study Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology September 2007 (Vol. 18, Issue 9, Pages 1088-1093)
Selected Literature References to Aortoiliac and Peripheral Arteries Stenting
STRECKER EP, BOOS IB, GOTTMANN D. €śFemoropopliteal artery stent placement: evaluation of long-term success. €ť, Radiology 1997 Nov;205 (2):375-83. Department of Radiology, Diakonissen Hospital, Karlsruhe, Germany.
BOSCH JL, HUNINK MG. €śMeta-analysis of the results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent placement for aortoiliac occlusive disease [published erratum appears in Radiology 1997 Nov;205
(2):584] €ť, Radiology 1997 Jul;204(1):87-96. Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
SULLIVAN TM, CHILDS MB, BACHARACH JM, GRAY BH, PIEDMONTE MR. €śPercutaneous transluminal angioplasty and primary stenting of the iliac arteries in 288 patients. €ť, J Vasc Surg 1997 May;25 (5):829-38;discussion 838-9. Department of Vascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA.
NICHOLSON AA, GAINES PA, DYET JF, COOK AM, CLEVELAND T, WILKINSON AR, GALLOWAY JM, BEARD J. €śTreatment of chronic iliac artery occlusions by means of percutaneous endovascular stent placement. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1997 May-Jun;8 (3):349-53. Department of Radiology, Hull Royal Infirmary, England.
MAYNAR M, REYES R, FERRAL H, GORRIZ E, LOPERA J, CARREIRA J, CASTANEDA WR. €śTreatment of chronic iliac artery occlusions with guide wire recanalization and primary stent placement. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1997 Nov-Dec;8 (6):1049-55. Department of Radiology, Hospital Ntra Sra del Pino, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
DORFMAN GS, MURPHY TP, CARNEY WI JR, WEBB MS, LAMBIASE RE, HAAS RA, MORIN CJ. €śPercutaneous revascularization of complex iliac artery stenoses and occlusions with use of Wallstents: three-year experience. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996 Jan-Feb;7 (1):21-7. Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence 02903.
BALLARD JL, TAYLOR FC, SPARKS SR, KILLEEN JD. €śStenting without thrombolysis for aortoiliac occlusive disease; experience in 14 high-risk patients. €ť, Ann Vasc Surg 1995 Sep;9 (5):453-8. Division of Vascular Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA 92354, USA.
PALMAZ JC, MURPHY KD, ENCARNACION CE, LE VA. €śIliac artery stent placement with the Palmaz stent: follow-up study. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995 May-Jun;6 (3):321-9. Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7800 USA.
BECKER GJ. €śIntravascular stents. General principles and status of lower-extremity arterial applications., Circulation 1991 Feb;83(2 Suppl):I122-36. Miami Vascular Institute, Baptist Hospital of Miami, FL 33176.
*SCHILLINGER M, SABETI S, LOEWE C, DICK P, AMIGHI J, MLEKUSCH W, SCHLAGER O, CEJNA M, LAMMER J, MINAR E. Balloon Angioplasty versus Implantation of Nitinol Stents in the Superficial Femoral Artery., N Engl J Med 354:1879, May 4, 2006
*HIRSCH AT, HASKAL ZJ, HERTZER NR, ET AL. ACC/AHA 2005 GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE (LOWER EXTREMITY, RENAL, MESENTERIC, AND ABDOMINAL AORTIC): executive summary a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease) endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:1239-312.
*DONALD PONEC, MICHAEL R. JAFF, JAMES SWISCHUK, ANDY FEIRING, JOHN LAIRD, MUNISH MEHRA, JEFFREY J. POPMA, DENNIS DONOHOE, BRIAN FIRTH, EMILY KEIM, DAVID SNEAD, CRISP Study Investigators The Nitinol SMART Stent vs Wallstent for Suboptimal Iliac Artery Angioplasty: CRISP-US Trial Results Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology September 2004 (Vol. 15, Issue 9, Pages 911-918)
*JONATHAN D. BEARD, CHM, MED, FRCS, Which is the best revascularization for critical limb ischemia: Endovascular or open surgery? J Vasc Surg 2008; 48: 11S-16S.)
*KAREN MCQUADE, DENNIS GABLE, STEPHEN HOHMAN, GREG PEARL, BRIAN THEUNE
Randomized comparison of ePTFE/nitinol self-expanding stent graft vs prosthetic femoral-popliteal bypass in the treatment of superficial femoral artery occlusive disease. Journal of Vascular Surgery January 2009 (Vol. 49, Issue 1, Pages 109-116.e9)
*MARTIN SCHILLINGER, MD; MARKUS HAUMER, MD; SABINE SCHILLINGER, MD; RAMAZANALI AHMADI, MD; AND ERICH MINAR, MD Risk Stratification for Subclavian Artery Angioplasty: Is There an Increased Rate of Restenosis After Stent Implantation? Journal of Endovascular Therapy: Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 550 557.
Selected Literature References to Venous Stenting
CHACON LOPEZ-MUNIZ JI, GARCIA GARCIA L, LANCIEGO PEREZ C, et al. €śTreatment of superior and inferior vena cava syndromes of malignant cause with Wallstent catheter placed percutaneously. €ť Am Clin oncol 1997;20 (3):393-297.
DONDELINGER RF, GOFFETTE P, KURDZIEL J, et al. €śExpandable metal stents for stenoses of the venae cavae and large veins. €ť Sem in Intervent Radiol 1991;8 (4):252-263.
DYET JF, NICHOLSON AA, COOK AM. €śThe use of the Wallstent endovascular prosthesis in the treatment of malignant obstruction of the superior vena cava. €ť Clin Radiology 1993;48:381-385.
FURUI S, SAWADA S, KURAMOTO K, et al. €śGianturco stent placement in malignant cava obstruction: analysis of factors for predicting the outcome. €ť Radiology 1995;195:147-152.
KEE ST, KINOSHITA L, RAZAVI MK, et al. €śSuperior vena cava syndrome treatment with catheter-directed thrombolysis and endovascular stent placement. €ť Radiology 1998;206:187-193.
NICHOLSON A, ETTLES D, ARNOLD A, et al. €śTreatment of malignant superior vena cava obstruction: metal stents or radiation therapy. €ť JVIR 1997;8:781-788.
FUNAKI B, CHANG TC, ZALESKI GX, LIN BH, LEEF J. €śTreatment of inferior vena cava obstruction in hemodialysis patients using Wallstents: early and intermediate results. €ť, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998 Jul;171 (1):125-8. Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago Hospitals, IL 60637, USA.
WILLIAMS DM, PFAMMATTER T, LANE KL, CAMPBELL DA JR, CHO KJ. €śSuprahepatic caval anastomotic stenosis complicating orthotopic liver transplantation: treatment with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, Wallstent placement, or both. €ť, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997 Feb;168 (2):477-80. Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
FONTAINE AB, NIJIAR A. €śTreatment of iatrogenic superior vena cava syndrome with a vascular stent. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996 Jul-Aug;7 (4):607-9. Department of Radiology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus 43210, USA.
CAMUNEZ F, SIMO G, BANARES R, ECHENAGUSIA A, QUEVEDO P, CALLEJA IJ, FERREIROA JP. €śStenosis of the inferior vena cava after liver transplantation: treatment with Gianturco expandable metallic stents. €ť, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1995 Jul-Aug;18 (4):212-6. Department of Radiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain.
JAQUES PF, MAURO MA, CRIADO E, MARSTON WA, KEAGY BA. €śProximal venous outflow obstruction in patients with upper extremity arteriovenous dialysis access. €ť, Ann Vasc Surg 1994 Nov;8 (6):530-5. Division of Vascular Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine.
O LAUGHLIN MP, DODDS GA 3RD, HARRISON JK, WILSON JS, KISSLO KB, BASHORE TM. €śRelief of superior vena cava syndrome due to fibrosing mediastinitis using the Palmaz stent. €ť, Chest 1994 Jul;106 (1):315-8. Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.
TREROTOLA SO, MAGEE CA, LUND GB, NEWMAN JS, OLSON JL, ANDERSON JH, OSTERMAN FA JR, SAMPHILIPO MA. €śPalmaz stent in the treatment of central venous stenosis: safety and efficacy of redilation. €ť, Radiology 1994 Feb;190 (2):379-85. Department of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, John Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD.
ROSCH J, UCHIDA BT, TREROTOLA SO, VENBRUX AC, MITCHELL SE, SAVANDER SJ, LUND GB, NEWMAN JS, KLEIN AS, MITCHELL MC. €śLong-term results with the use of metallic stents in the inferior vena cava for treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1994 May-Jun;5 (3):411-6. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287.
KISHI K, SONOMURA T, NISHIDA N, MITSUZANE K, KOBAYASHI H, YANG RJ, SATO M, YAMADA R, SHIRAI S. €śSelf-expandable metallic stent therapy for superior vena cava syndrome: clinical observations. €ť, Radiology 1993 Nov;189 (2):531-5. Department of Radiology, Saiseikai Wakayama Hospital, Japan.
OUDKERK M, HEYSTRATEN FM, STOTER G. €śStenting in malignant vena caval obstruction. €ť, Cancer 1993 Jan 1;71 (1):142-6. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute, The Netherlands.
WRIGHT KC, WALLACE S, GIANTURCO C, CHARNSANGAVEJ C, CARRASCO CH. €śUse of the Gianturco self-expanding stent in stenoses of the superior and inferior venae cavae. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1992 May;3 (2):409-19. Division of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030.
ROSCH J, IVANCEV K, UCHIDA BT, ANTONOVIC R, BARTON RE, KELLER FS, HALL LD, PETERSEN BD. €śGianturco-Rosch expandable Z-stents in the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome. €ť, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1992 Sep-Oct;15 (5):319-27. Charles Dotter Institute for Interventional Therapy, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.
SCHILD H, IRVING JD, ADAM A, ZOLLIKOFER CL, MAYNAR M, DICK R, DONDELINGER RF, REIDY JF. €śGianturco self-expanding stents: clinical experience in the vena cava and large veins. €ť, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1992 Sep-Oct;15 (5):328-33. Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier, Luxembourg, England.
ELSON JD, BECKER GJ, WHOLEY MH, EHRMAN KO. €śVena caval and central venous stenoses: Management with Palmaz balloon-expandable intraluminal stents. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1991 May;2 (2):215-23. Department of Radiology, Clarkson Hospital, Omaha, NE 68105.
Selected Literature References to Hemodialysis Access and Associated Vessels Stenting
FUNAKI B, CHANG TC, ZALESKI GX, LIN BH, LEEF J. €śTreatment of inferior vena cava obstruction in hemodialysis patients using Wallstents: early and intermediate results. €ť, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998 Jul;171 (1):125-8. Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago Hospitals, IL 60637, USA.
HOVSEPIAN DM, VESELY TM, PILGRIM TK, COYNE DW, SHENOY S. €śUpper extremity central venous obstruction in hemodialysis patients: treatment with Wallstents. €ť, Radiology 1997 Aug;204 (2):343-8. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
PENGLOAN J, ABAZA M, BLANCHARD D, SAPOVAL M, TURMEL-RODRIGUES LA, BAUDIN S, TESTOU D, MOUTON A. €śWallstents and Craggstents in hemodialysis grafts and fistulas: results for selective indications. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1997 Nov-Dec;8 (6):975-82. Department of Cardiovascular Radiology, Clinque St-Gatien, Tours, France.
RAMEE SR, MONEY SR, SHAW D, BHATIA DS, OCHSNER JL, CROCKETT DE, CHATMAN D, CHARAMSEY SA, MULINGTAPANG RF. €śComparison of surgical bypass and percutaneous balloon dilatation with primary stent placement in the treatment of central venous obstruction in the dialysis patient: one-year follow-up. €ť, Ann Vasc Surg 1996 Sep;10 (5):452-5. Department of Surgery, Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
DOLMATCH GL, GRAY RJ, HORTON KM, RUNDBACK JH, ANAISE D, AQUINO AO, CURRIER CB, LIGHT JA, SASAKI TM. €śUse of Wallstents for hemodialysis access-related venous stenoses and occlusions untreatable with balloon angioplasty. €ť, Radiology 1995 May;195 (2):479-84. Department of Radiology, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
BOHNDORF K, VORWERK D, KISTLER D, MANN H, GUENTHER RW, KEULERS P, ALZEN G, SOHN M. €śVenous stenosis and occlusion in hemodialysis shunts: follow-up results of stent placement in 65 patients. €ť, Radiology 1995 Apr;195 (1):140-6. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Technical University of Aachen, Germany.
JAQUES PF, MAURO MA, CRIADO E, MARSTON WA, KEAGY BA. €śProximal venous outflow obstruction in patients with upper extremity arteriovenous dialysis access. €ť, Ann Vasc Surg 1994 Nov;8 (6):530-5. Division of Vascular Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine.
SHOENFELD R, HERMANS H, NOVICK A, BRENER B, CORDERO P, EISENBUD D, MODY S, GOLDENKRANZ R, PARSONNET V. €śStenting of proximal venous obstructions to maintain hemodialysis access. €ť, J Vasc Surg 1994 Mar;19 (3):532-9. Department of Radiology, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, NJ 07112.
Abstract:
TURMEL-RODRIGUES L, PENGLOAN J, BLANCHIER D, ABAZA M, BIRMELE B, HAILLOT O, BLANCHARD D. €śInsufficient dialysis shunts: improved long-term patency rates with close hemodynamic monitoring, repeated percutaneous balloon angioplasty, and stent placement. €ť, Radiology 1993 Apr;187 (1):273-8. Department of Radiology, Clinique St Gatien, Tours, France.
SCHATZ R, MATTHEWS R, CLUGSTON R, EISENHAUER A, DAKE M, FEINSTEIN E. €śBalloon expandable stents to treat central venous stenoses in hemodialysis patients. €ť, Am J Nephrol 1992;12 (6):451-6. Cardiac Catheterization and Interventional Laboratory, Hospital of the Good Samaritan, Los Angeles, CA 90017.
ZOLLIKOFER CL, ANTONUCCI F, STUCKMANN G, MATTIAS P, SALOMONOWITZ EK, BRUHLMANN WF. €śUse of the Wallstent in the venous system including hemodialysis-related stenoses. €ť, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1992 Sep-Oct;15 (5):334-41. Department of Radiology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Switzerland.
ZOLLIKOFER CL, ANTONUCCI F, SALOMONOWITZ E, STUCKMANN G, STIEFEL M, HUGENTOBLER M. €śHemodialysis related venous stenoses: treatment with self-expanding endovascular prostheses. €ť, Eur J Radiol 1992 May-Jun;14 (3):195-200. Department of Radiology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Switzerland.
HOVSEPIAN DM, VESELY TM, PILGRAM TK, COYNE DW, SHENOY S. €śUpper extremity central venous obstruction in hemodialysis patients: treatment with Wallstents. €ť, Radiology 1997 Aug;204 (2):343-8. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
*ANTHONY A. NICHOLSON, DUNCAN F. ETTLES, ANTHONY ARNOLD, MICHAEL GREENSTONE, JOHN F. DYET Treatment of Malignant Superior Vena Cava Obstruction: Metal Stents or Radiation Therapy Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology September 1997 (Vol. 8, Issue 5, Pages 781-788)
*VOGEL P, PARISE P. Smart stent for salvage of hemodialysis access grafts. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 15:1051 1060.
*JONG-YOUN KIM, DONGHOON CHOI, YOUNG GUK KO, SUNGHA PARK, YANGSOO JANG AND DO YUN LEE. Percutaneous treatment of deep vein thrombosis in may-thurner syndrome. CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology Volume 29, Number 4 / August, 2006.
*JEFFREY P. LAMONT, MD, GREGORY J. PEARL, MD, PETER PATETSIOS, MD, MARC T. WARNER, MD, DENNIS R. GABLE, MD, WILSON GARRETT, MD, BRADLEY GRIMSLEY, MD, BERTRAM L. SMITH, MD, AND WILLIAM P. SHUTZE, MD, Prospective Evaluation of Endoluminal Venous Stents in the Treatment of the May Thurner Syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg 2002; 16: 61-64
*NILESH H. PATEL, KENNETH R. STOOKEY, DOUGLAS B. KETCHAM, ANDREW H. Cragg Endovascular Management of Acute Extensive Iliofemoral Deep Venous Thrombosis Caused by May-Thurner Syndrome Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology November 2000 (Vol. 11, Issue 10, Pages 1297-1302)
Selected Literature References, Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
ALLEN, BT, HOVSEPIAN, DM, REILLY, JM, et al. Endovascular Stent Grafts for Aneurysmal and Occlusive Vascular Disease. Am J. Surg 1998; 176:574-580.
BLUM, U, VOSHAGE, G, LAMMER, J, et. al. Endoluminal Stent-Graft for Infrarenal AAA. NEJM 1997;336: 13-20.
BREWSTER, DC, GELLER, SC, KAUFMAN, JA, et al. Initial Experience with Endovascular Aneurysm Repair: Comparison of Early Results with Outcome of Conventional Open Repair. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27: 992-1005.
CHUTER, TAM, Gordon, RL, REILLY, LM, et al. AAA in High Risk Patients: Short to Intermediate-term Results of Endovascular Repair. Radiology 1999;210:361-365.
D" AYALA, M,, HOLLIER, LH, MARIN, ML. Endovascular Grafting for AAA. Cardio. & Vasc. Surg 1998;78:845-862.
DEATON, D..H., BOGEY, W.M., Bifurcated Endovascular Grafting for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm., Ann. Vasc. Surg., 1999: 13:23-31.
DORFFNER, R, THURNHER, S, POLTERAUER, P, et al. Treatment of AAA with Transfemoral Placement of Stent Grafts: Complications and Secondary Radiologic Intervention. Radiology 1997;204:79-86.
FINLAYSON, S.R.G., BIRKMEYER, J.D., Should Endovascular Surgery Lower the Threshold for Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms?, J. Vasc. Surg., 1999: 29: 973-985.
HAUSEGGER, KA, MENDEL, H, TIESSENHAUSEN, K, et al. Endoluminal Treatment of Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysm: Clinical Experience with the Talent Stent-Graft System. JVIR 1999;10: 267-274.
KAZMERS, A,. PERKINS, A.J., JACOBS, L.A., Outcomes after Aortic Aneurysm Repair in Those => 80 Years of Age: Recent Veterans Affairs Experience., Ann. Vasc. Surg., 1998, 12:106-112.
MARIN, ML, PARSONS, RE, HOLLIER, LH, et al. Impact of Transrenal Aortic Endograft Placement on Endovascular Graft Repair of AAA. J Vasc Surg 1998;28:638-46.
MATSUMURA, J.S, MOORE, WS. Clinical Consequences of Periprosthetic Leak After Endovascular Repair of AAA. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27:606-13.
MATSUMURA, JS, PEARSE, WH, McCARTHTY, WJ, et al. Reduction in Aortic Aneurysm Size: Early Results After Endovascular Graft Placement. J Vasc. Surg., 1997; 25:113-23.
MATSUMURA, J.S., CHAIKOF, E.L.., Continued Expansion of Aortic Necks After Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, J. Vasc. Surg., 1998, 28: 422-431.
MAY, J, WOODBURN, K, WHITE, G. Endovascular Treatment of Infrarenal AAA. Ann Vasc Surg 1998; 12:391-5.
MOORE, WS, RUTHERFORD, RB. Transfemoral Endovascular Repair of AAA: Results of the North American EVT Phase I Trial. J Vasc. Surg 1996; 23: 543-53.
MOORE,W.S., KASHYAP, V.S., et.al., AAA, A 6 Year Comparison Of Endovascular Versus Transabdominal Repair.; Ann.of Surg., 1999: 230:298-308.
NASIM, A, THOMPSON, MM, SAYERS, RD, et al. Is Endoluminal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Using an Aortoaortic (Tube) Device a Durable Procedure? Ann. Vasc. Surg 1998; 12:522-528.
RESCH, T, IVANCEY, K, LINDH, M, et al. Persistent Collateral Perfusion of AAA After Endovascular Repair Does Not Lead to Progressive Change in Aneurysm Diameter. J Vasc. Surg1998; 28:242-9.
SARKER, S., MOORE, W.S., et.al., Endovascular Repair of AAA Using the EVT Device: Limited Increased Utilization With Availability of a Bifurcated Graft. ,J. Endovasc. Surg, 1999, 6:131-135.
SILBERSWEIG, JE, MARIN, ML, HOLLIER, LH, et al. Aortoiliac Aneurysms: Endoluminal Repair -Clinical Evidence for a Fully Supported Stent-Graft. Radiology 1998;209:111-116.
WAIN, RA, MARIN, ML, OHKI, T, et al. Endoleaks after Endovascular Graft Treatment of AAA: Classification, Risk Factors, and Outcome. J Vasc Surg 1998;27:69-80.
YUSEF, SW, WHITAKER, SC, CHUTER, TAM, et al. Early Results of AAA Surgery with Aortouniiliac Graft Contralateral Iliac Occlusion, and Femerofemoral Bypass. J Vasc Surg;25:165-72.
ZARINS, CK, WHITE, RA, SCHWARTEN, D, et al. AneurRx Stent Graft Versus Open Surgical Repair of AAA: Multicenter Prospective Clinical Trial. J. Vasc. Surg 1999;29:292-305.
Prinssen M, Verhoeven EL, Buth J, Cuypers PW, van Sambeek MR, Balm R, et al; Dutch Randomized Endovascular Aneurysm Management (DREAM) Trial Group. A randomized trial comparing conventional and endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1607-18.
*GREENHALGH RM, BROWN LC, KWONG GP, POWELL JT, THOMPSON SG. Comparison of endovascular aneurysm repair with open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1), 30-day operative mortality results: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364:843-8.
*SCHERMERHORN ML, O MALLEY AJ, JHAVERI A, COTTERILL P, POMPOSELLI F, LANDON BE. Endovascular vs. open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms in the medicare population., N Engl J Med 2008; 358:464-74.
*ELLIOT L. CHAIKOF, MD, PHD,A DAVID C. BREWSTER, MD,B RONALD L. DALMAN, MD,CMICHEL S. MAKAROUN, MD,D KARL A. ILLIG, MD,E GREGORIO A. SICARD, MD,F CARLOS H. TIMARAN, MD,G GILBERT R. UPCHURCH JR, MD,H AND FRANK J. VEITH, MD. The care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm: The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines. iJOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY Volume 50, Number 8S
Selected Literature References, Endovascular Repair of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA)
FDA approval for the GORE TAG Thoracic Endoprosthesis device: April 2005
LEURS LJ, BELL R, DEGRIECK Y, THOMAS S, HOBO R, LUNDBOM J; EUROSTAR; UK THORACIC ENDOGRAFT REGISTRY COLLABORATORS; Endovascular treatment of thoracic aortic diseases: combined experience from the EUROSTAR and United Kingdom Thoracic Endograft registries.; J Vasc Surg. 2004 Oct;40(4):670-9; discussion 679-80.
SCHODER, MARIA, ET AL; Elective Endovascular Stent-Graft Repair of Atherosclerotic Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Clinical Results and Midterm Follow-Up; AJR 2003; 180:709-715
LAWRENCE-BROWN, FRACS ET AL; Hybrid Open-Endoluminal Technique for Repair of Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm Involving the Celiac Axis; Journal of Endovascular Therapy: Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 513 519.
*HODGSON KJ, MATSUMURA JS, ASCHER, E., DAKE MD, SACKS D, KROL K., BERSIN R.; SVS/SIR/SCAI/SVMB clinical competence statement on thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) €” multispecialty consensus recommendations, a report of the SVS/SIR/ SCAI/SVMB Writing Committee to develop a clinical competence standard for TEVAR; J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006; 17:617 621
*HIMANSHU J. PATEL, MD,A DAVID M. WILLIAMS, MD,B GILBERT R. UPCHURCH JR, MD, NARASIMHAM L. DASIKA, MD,B AND G. MICHAEL DEEB, MD. A 15-year comparative analysis of open and endovascular repair for the ruptured descending thoracic aorta. Journal of Vascular Surgery DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.07.091
*BAVARIA JE, APPOO JJ, MAKAROUN MS, VERTER J, YU ZF, MITCHELL RS. Endovascular stent grafting versus open surgical repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms in low-risk patients: a multicenter comparative trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007; 133: 369 377
Advisory Committee Meeting Notes
*ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic); J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47;
1-192
II. Bibliography
Selected Literature References to Renal Artery Stenting
WHITE CJ, RAMEE SR, COLINS TJ, ESCOBAR A, JENKINS JS, SHAW D. €śRenal artery stent placement: utility in lesions difficult to treat with balloon angioplasty. €ť, J Am Coll Cardiol 1997 Nov 15;30(6):1445-50. Department of Cardiology, Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121, USA.
MOSS JG, CONNELL JM, DOMINICZAK AF, MACLEOD MF, BAXTER GM, HARDEN PN, RODGER RS,JUNOR BJ, BRIGGS JD. €śEffect of renal-artery stenting on progression of renovascular renal failure [see comments] €ť, Lancet 1997 Apr 19;349 (9059):1133-6. Renal Unit, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
LANGER M, BLUM U, GABELMANN A, BUITRAGO-TELLEZ C, KRUMME B, FLUGEL P, LEHNERT T, SCHOLLMEYER P. €śTreatment of ostial renal-artery stenoses with vascular endoprostheses after unsuccessful balloon angioplasty [see comments] €ť, N Engl J Med 1997 Feb 13;336 (7):459-65. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
RUNDBACK JH, JACOBS JM. €śPercutaneous renal artery stent placement for hypertension and azotemia: pilot study €ť, Am J Kidney Dis 1996 Aug;28 (2):214-9. Department of Radiology, Muhlenberg Hospital Center, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
DORROS G, DUFEK C, MATHIAK L, JAFF M, JAIN A. €śFollow-up of primary Palmaz-Schatz stent placement for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. €ť, Am J Cardiol 1995 May 15;75 (15):1051-5. William Dorros-Isadore Feuer Interventional Cardiovascular Disease Foundation, Ltd., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215-3660, USA.
REES CR, DAKE MD, SCHWARTEN DE, BECKER GJ, EHRMAN KO, NOELDGE G, PALMAZ JC, RICHTER GM, KATZEN BT. €śPalmaz stent in atherosclerotic stenoses involving the ostia of the renal arteries: preliminary report of a multicenter study. €ť, Radiology 1991 Nov:181 (2):507-14. Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio.
*PAUL S. WATSON, MBBS; PETER HADJIPETROU, MBBS; STEPHEN V. COX, MBBS; THOMAS C. PIEMONTE, MD; ANDREW C. EISENHAUER, MD Effect of Renal Artery Stenting on Renal Function and Size in Patients with Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease. Circulation. 2000;102:1671-1677
*C. J. COOPER AND T. P. MURPHY The Case for Renal Artery Stenting for Treatment of Renal Artery Stenosis Circulation, January 16, 2007; 115(2): 263 - 270.
*ZELLER T, FRANK U, MULLER C, BURGELIN K, SINN L, BESTEHORN HP, COOK-BRUNS N, NEUMANN F. Predictors of improved renal function after percutaneous stent-supported angioplasty of severe atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis. Circulation. 2003; 108: 2244 2249.
*B. H GRAY, J. W OLIN, M. B. CHILDS, T. M SULLIVAN, AND J M. BACHARACH
Clinical benefit of renal artery angioplasty with stenting for the control of recurrent and refractory congestive heart failure Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2002; 7(4): 275 - 279.
*BEECROFT JR, RAJAN DK, CLARK TW, ROBINETTE M, STAVROPOULOS SW. Transplant renal artery stenosis: outcome after percutaneous intervention. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004;15:1407 1413.
*SIERRE SD, RAYNAUD AC, CARRERES T, SAPOVAL MR, BEYSSEN BM, GAUX JC. Treatment of recurrent transplant renal artery stenosis with metallic stents. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998;9:639 644.
Selected Literature References to Mesenteric Artery Stenting
*MELHEM J. SHARAFUDDIN, MD,A,B CRAIG H. OLSON, BS,A SHILIANG SUN, MD,B TIMOTHY F. KRESOWIK, MD, FACS,A AND JOHN D. CORSON, MB, CHB, FRCS(ENG), FRCS(ED), FACS,. Endovascular treatment of celiac and mesenteric arteries stenoses: Applications and results. JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY Volume 38, Number 4
*MARC L. SCHERMERHORN, MD, KRISTINA A. GILES, MD, ALLEN D. HAMDAN, MD, MARK C. WYERS, MD, FRANK B. POMPOSELLI MD. Mesenteric Revascularization: management and outcomes in the United States, 1988-2006., J Vasc Surg 2009;50:341-8
Selected Literature References to Brachiocephalic Arteries Stenting
CRIADO FJ, QUERAL LA. €śThe role of angioplasty and stenting in the treatment of occlusive lesions of supra-aortic trunks. €ť, J Mal Vasc 1996;21 Suppl A:132-8. Division of Vascular Surgery, Maryland Vascular Institute, Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore MD, USA.
LYON RD, SHONNARD KM, MCCARTER DL, HAMMOND SL, FERGUSON D, RHOLL KS. €śSupra-aortic arterial stenoses: management with Palmaz balloon-expandable intraluminal stents. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996 Nov-Dec;7 (6):825-35. Department of Radiology, Fitzsimmons Army Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045-5001, USA
DORROS G, BATES MC, KUMAR K, PALMER L, DUFEK C, MATHIAK L. €śPrimary stent deployment in occlusive subclavian artery disease. €ť, Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1995 Apr;34 (4):281-5. William Dorros-Isadore Feuer Interventional Cardiovascular Disease Foundation, Ltd., Milwaukee, WI 53215, USA.
MATHIAS KD, LUTH I, HAARMANN P. €śPercutaneous transluminal angioplasty of proximal subclavian artery occlusions. €ť, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1993 Jul-Aug;16 (4):214-8. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Stadtische Kliniken, Federal Republic of Germany.
VOWERK D, SCHURMANN K, GUENTHER RW. €śStent Placement on fresh venous thrombosis. €ť, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1997 Sep-Oct; 20(5):359-63. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Technical University of Aachen, Fauweistrasee, D-52057 Aachen Germany.
MOTARJEME A. €śPercutaneous transluminal angioplasty of supra-aortic vessels. €ť, J Endovasc Surg 1996 May;3 (2):171-81. Midwest Vascular Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA.
*ELINE S. VAN HATTUM, JEAN-PAUL P.M. DE VRIES, FERRY LALEZARI, JOS C. VAN DEN BERG, FRANS L. Moll Angioplasty with or without Stent Placement in the Brachiocephalic Artery: Feasible and Durable? A Retrospective Cohort Study Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology September 2007 (Vol. 18, Issue 9, Pages 1088-1093)
Selected Literature References to Aortoiliac and Peripheral Arteries Stenting
STRECKER EP, BOOS IB, GOTTMANN D. €śFemoropopliteal artery stent placement: evaluation of long-term success. €ť, Radiology 1997 Nov;205 (2):375-83. Department of Radiology, Diakonissen Hospital, Karlsruhe, Germany.
BOSCH JL, HUNINK MG. €śMeta-analysis of the results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent placement for aortoiliac occlusive disease [published erratum appears in Radiology 1997 Nov;205
(2):584] €ť, Radiology 1997 Jul;204(1):87-96. Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
SULLIVAN TM, CHILDS MB, BACHARACH JM, GRAY BH, PIEDMONTE MR. €śPercutaneous transluminal angioplasty and primary stenting of the iliac arteries in 288 patients. €ť, J Vasc Surg 1997 May;25 (5):829-38;discussion 838-9. Department of Vascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA.
NICHOLSON AA, GAINES PA, DYET JF, COOK AM, CLEVELAND T, WILKINSON AR, GALLOWAY JM, BEARD J. €śTreatment of chronic iliac artery occlusions by means of percutaneous endovascular stent placement. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1997 May-Jun;8 (3):349-53. Department of Radiology, Hull Royal Infirmary, England.
MAYNAR M, REYES R, FERRAL H, GORRIZ E, LOPERA J, CARREIRA J, CASTANEDA WR. €śTreatment of chronic iliac artery occlusions with guide wire recanalization and primary stent placement. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1997 Nov-Dec;8 (6):1049-55. Department of Radiology, Hospital Ntra Sra del Pino, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
DORFMAN GS, MURPHY TP, CARNEY WI JR, WEBB MS, LAMBIASE RE, HAAS RA, MORIN CJ. €śPercutaneous revascularization of complex iliac artery stenoses and occlusions with use of Wallstents: three-year experience. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996 Jan-Feb;7 (1):21-7. Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence 02903.
BALLARD JL, TAYLOR FC, SPARKS SR, KILLEEN JD. €śStenting without thrombolysis for aortoiliac occlusive disease; experience in 14 high-risk patients. €ť, Ann Vasc Surg 1995 Sep;9 (5):453-8. Division of Vascular Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA 92354, USA.
PALMAZ JC, MURPHY KD, ENCARNACION CE, LE VA. €śIliac artery stent placement with the Palmaz stent: follow-up study. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995 May-Jun;6 (3):321-9. Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7800 USA.
BECKER GJ. €śIntravascular stents. General principles and status of lower-extremity arterial applications., Circulation 1991 Feb;83(2 Suppl):I122-36. Miami Vascular Institute, Baptist Hospital of Miami, FL 33176.
*SCHILLINGER M, SABETI S, LOEWE C, DICK P, AMIGHI J, MLEKUSCH W, SCHLAGER O, CEJNA M, LAMMER J, MINAR E. Balloon Angioplasty versus Implantation of Nitinol Stents in the Superficial Femoral Artery., N Engl J Med 354:1879, May 4, 2006
*HIRSCH AT, HASKAL ZJ, HERTZER NR, ET AL. ACC/AHA 2005 GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE (LOWER EXTREMITY, RENAL, MESENTERIC, AND ABDOMINAL AORTIC): executive summary a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease) endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:1239-312.
*DONALD PONEC, MICHAEL R. JAFF, JAMES SWISCHUK, ANDY FEIRING, JOHN LAIRD, MUNISH MEHRA, JEFFREY J. POPMA, DENNIS DONOHOE, BRIAN FIRTH, EMILY KEIM, DAVID SNEAD, CRISP Study Investigators The Nitinol SMART Stent vs Wallstent for Suboptimal Iliac Artery Angioplasty: CRISP-US Trial Results Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology September 2004 (Vol. 15, Issue 9, Pages 911-918)
*JONATHAN D. BEARD, CHM, MED, FRCS, Which is the best revascularization for critical limb ischemia: Endovascular or open surgery? J Vasc Surg 2008; 48: 11S-16S.)
*KAREN MCQUADE, DENNIS GABLE, STEPHEN HOHMAN, GREG PEARL, BRIAN THEUNE
Randomized comparison of ePTFE/nitinol self-expanding stent graft vs prosthetic femoral-popliteal bypass in the treatment of superficial femoral artery occlusive disease. Journal of Vascular Surgery January 2009 (Vol. 49, Issue 1, Pages 109-116.e9)
*MARTIN SCHILLINGER, MD; MARKUS HAUMER, MD; SABINE SCHILLINGER, MD; RAMAZANALI AHMADI, MD; AND ERICH MINAR, MD Risk Stratification for Subclavian Artery Angioplasty: Is There an Increased Rate of Restenosis After Stent Implantation? Journal of Endovascular Therapy: Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 550 557.
Selected Literature References to Venous Stenting
CHACON LOPEZ-MUNIZ JI, GARCIA GARCIA L, LANCIEGO PEREZ C, et al. €śTreatment of superior and inferior vena cava syndromes of malignant cause with Wallstent catheter placed percutaneously. €ť Am Clin oncol 1997;20 (3):393-297.
DONDELINGER RF, GOFFETTE P, KURDZIEL J, et al. €śExpandable metal stents for stenoses of the venae cavae and large veins. €ť Sem in Intervent Radiol 1991;8 (4):252-263.
DYET JF, NICHOLSON AA, COOK AM. €śThe use of the Wallstent endovascular prosthesis in the treatment of malignant obstruction of the superior vena cava. €ť Clin Radiology 1993;48:381-385.
FURUI S, SAWADA S, KURAMOTO K, et al. €śGianturco stent placement in malignant cava obstruction: analysis of factors for predicting the outcome. €ť Radiology 1995;195:147-152.
KEE ST, KINOSHITA L, RAZAVI MK, et al. €śSuperior vena cava syndrome treatment with catheter-directed thrombolysis and endovascular stent placement. €ť Radiology 1998;206:187-193.
NICHOLSON A, ETTLES D, ARNOLD A, et al. €śTreatment of malignant superior vena cava obstruction: metal stents or radiation therapy. €ť JVIR 1997;8:781-788.
FUNAKI B, CHANG TC, ZALESKI GX, LIN BH, LEEF J. €śTreatment of inferior vena cava obstruction in hemodialysis patients using Wallstents: early and intermediate results. €ť, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998 Jul;171 (1):125-8. Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago Hospitals, IL 60637, USA.
WILLIAMS DM, PFAMMATTER T, LANE KL, CAMPBELL DA JR, CHO KJ. €śSuprahepatic caval anastomotic stenosis complicating orthotopic liver transplantation: treatment with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, Wallstent placement, or both. €ť, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997 Feb;168 (2):477-80. Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
FONTAINE AB, NIJIAR A. €śTreatment of iatrogenic superior vena cava syndrome with a vascular stent. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996 Jul-Aug;7 (4):607-9. Department of Radiology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus 43210, USA.
CAMUNEZ F, SIMO G, BANARES R, ECHENAGUSIA A, QUEVEDO P, CALLEJA IJ, FERREIROA JP. €śStenosis of the inferior vena cava after liver transplantation: treatment with Gianturco expandable metallic stents. €ť, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1995 Jul-Aug;18 (4):212-6. Department of Radiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain.
JAQUES PF, MAURO MA, CRIADO E, MARSTON WA, KEAGY BA. €śProximal venous outflow obstruction in patients with upper extremity arteriovenous dialysis access. €ť, Ann Vasc Surg 1994 Nov;8 (6):530-5. Division of Vascular Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine.
O LAUGHLIN MP, DODDS GA 3RD, HARRISON JK, WILSON JS, KISSLO KB, BASHORE TM. €śRelief of superior vena cava syndrome due to fibrosing mediastinitis using the Palmaz stent. €ť, Chest 1994 Jul;106 (1):315-8. Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.
TREROTOLA SO, MAGEE CA, LUND GB, NEWMAN JS, OLSON JL, ANDERSON JH, OSTERMAN FA JR, SAMPHILIPO MA. €śPalmaz stent in the treatment of central venous stenosis: safety and efficacy of redilation. €ť, Radiology 1994 Feb;190 (2):379-85. Department of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, John Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD.
ROSCH J, UCHIDA BT, TREROTOLA SO, VENBRUX AC, MITCHELL SE, SAVANDER SJ, LUND GB, NEWMAN JS, KLEIN AS, MITCHELL MC. €śLong-term results with the use of metallic stents in the inferior vena cava for treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1994 May-Jun;5 (3):411-6. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287.
KISHI K, SONOMURA T, NISHIDA N, MITSUZANE K, KOBAYASHI H, YANG RJ, SATO M, YAMADA R, SHIRAI S. €śSelf-expandable metallic stent therapy for superior vena cava syndrome: clinical observations. €ť, Radiology 1993 Nov;189 (2):531-5. Department of Radiology, Saiseikai Wakayama Hospital, Japan.
OUDKERK M, HEYSTRATEN FM, STOTER G. €śStenting in malignant vena caval obstruction. €ť, Cancer 1993 Jan 1;71 (1):142-6. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute, The Netherlands.
WRIGHT KC, WALLACE S, GIANTURCO C, CHARNSANGAVEJ C, CARRASCO CH. €śUse of the Gianturco self-expanding stent in stenoses of the superior and inferior venae cavae. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1992 May;3 (2):409-19. Division of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030.
ROSCH J, IVANCEV K, UCHIDA BT, ANTONOVIC R, BARTON RE, KELLER FS, HALL LD, PETERSEN BD. €śGianturco-Rosch expandable Z-stents in the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome. €ť, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1992 Sep-Oct;15 (5):319-27. Charles Dotter Institute for Interventional Therapy, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.
SCHILD H, IRVING JD, ADAM A, ZOLLIKOFER CL, MAYNAR M, DICK R, DONDELINGER RF, REIDY JF. €śGianturco self-expanding stents: clinical experience in the vena cava and large veins. €ť, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1992 Sep-Oct;15 (5):328-33. Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier, Luxembourg, England.
ELSON JD, BECKER GJ, WHOLEY MH, EHRMAN KO. €śVena caval and central venous stenoses: Management with Palmaz balloon-expandable intraluminal stents. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1991 May;2 (2):215-23. Department of Radiology, Clarkson Hospital, Omaha, NE 68105.
Selected Literature References to Hemodialysis Access and Associated Vessels Stenting
FUNAKI B, CHANG TC, ZALESKI GX, LIN BH, LEEF J. €śTreatment of inferior vena cava obstruction in hemodialysis patients using Wallstents: early and intermediate results. €ť, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998 Jul;171 (1):125-8. Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago Hospitals, IL 60637, USA.
HOVSEPIAN DM, VESELY TM, PILGRIM TK, COYNE DW, SHENOY S. €śUpper extremity central venous obstruction in hemodialysis patients: treatment with Wallstents. €ť, Radiology 1997 Aug;204 (2):343-8. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
PENGLOAN J, ABAZA M, BLANCHARD D, SAPOVAL M, TURMEL-RODRIGUES LA, BAUDIN S, TESTOU D, MOUTON A. €śWallstents and Craggstents in hemodialysis grafts and fistulas: results for selective indications. €ť, J Vasc Interv Radiol 1997 Nov-Dec;8 (6):975-82. Department of Cardiovascular Radiology, Clinque St-Gatien, Tours, France.
RAMEE SR, MONEY SR, SHAW D, BHATIA DS, OCHSNER JL, CROCKETT DE, CHATMAN D, CHARAMSEY SA, MULINGTAPANG RF. €śComparison of surgical bypass and percutaneous balloon dilatation with primary stent placement in the treatment of central venous obstruction in the dialysis patient: one-year follow-up. €ť, Ann Vasc Surg 1996 Sep;10 (5):452-5. Department of Surgery, Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
DOLMATCH GL, GRAY RJ, HORTON KM, RUNDBACK JH, ANAISE D, AQUINO AO, CURRIER CB, LIGHT JA, SASAKI TM. €śUse of Wallstents for hemodialysis access-related venous stenoses and occlusions untreatable with balloon angioplasty. €ť, Radiology 1995 May;195 (2):479-84. Department of Radiology, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
BOHNDORF K, VORWERK D, KISTLER D, MANN H, GUENTHER RW, KEULERS P, ALZEN G, SOHN M. €śVenous stenosis and occlusion in hemodialysis shunts: follow-up results of stent placement in 65 patients. €ť, Radiology 1995 Apr;195 (1):140-6. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Technical University of Aachen, Germany.
JAQUES PF, MAURO MA, CRIADO E, MARSTON WA, KEAGY BA. €śProximal venous outflow obstruction in patients with upper extremity arteriovenous dialysis access. €ť, Ann Vasc Surg 1994 Nov;8 (6):530-5. Division of Vascular Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine.
SHOENFELD R, HERMANS H, NOVICK A, BRENER B, CORDERO P, EISENBUD D, MODY S, GOLDENKRANZ R, PARSONNET V. €śStenting of proximal venous obstructions to maintain hemodialysis access. €ť, J Vasc Surg 1994 Mar;19 (3):532-9. Department of Radiology, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, NJ 07112.
Abstract:
TURMEL-RODRIGUES L, PENGLOAN J, BLANCHIER D, ABAZA M, BIRMELE B, HAILLOT O, BLANCHARD D. €śInsufficient dialysis shunts: improved long-term patency rates with close hemodynamic monitoring, repeated percutaneous balloon angioplasty, and stent placement. €ť, Radiology 1993 Apr;187 (1):273-8. Department of Radiology, Clinique St Gatien, Tours, France.
SCHATZ R, MATTHEWS R, CLUGSTON R, EISENHAUER A, DAKE M, FEINSTEIN E. €śBalloon expandable stents to treat central venous stenoses in hemodialysis patients. €ť, Am J Nephrol 1992;12 (6):451-6. Cardiac Catheterization and Interventional Laboratory, Hospital of the Good Samaritan, Los Angeles, CA 90017.
ZOLLIKOFER CL, ANTONUCCI F, STUCKMANN G, MATTIAS P, SALOMONOWITZ EK, BRUHLMANN WF. €śUse of the Wallstent in the venous system including hemodialysis-related stenoses. €ť, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1992 Sep-Oct;15 (5):334-41. Department of Radiology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Switzerland.
ZOLLIKOFER CL, ANTONUCCI F, SALOMONOWITZ E, STUCKMANN G, STIEFEL M, HUGENTOBLER M. €śHemodialysis related venous stenoses: treatment with self-expanding endovascular prostheses. €ť, Eur J Radiol 1992 May-Jun;14 (3):195-200. Department of Radiology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Switzerland.
HOVSEPIAN DM, VESELY TM, PILGRAM TK, COYNE DW, SHENOY S. €śUpper extremity central venous obstruction in hemodialysis patients: treatment with Wallstents. €ť, Radiology 1997 Aug;204 (2):343-8. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
*ANTHONY A. NICHOLSON, DUNCAN F. ETTLES, ANTHONY ARNOLD, MICHAEL GREENSTONE, JOHN F. DYET Treatment of Malignant Superior Vena Cava Obstruction: Metal Stents or Radiation Therapy Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology September 1997 (Vol. 8, Issue 5, Pages 781-788)
*VOGEL P, PARISE P. Smart stent for salvage of hemodialysis access grafts. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 15:1051 1060.
*JONG-YOUN KIM, DONGHOON CHOI, YOUNG GUK KO, SUNGHA PARK, YANGSOO JANG AND DO YUN LEE. Percutaneous treatment of deep vein thrombosis in may-thurner syndrome. CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology Volume 29, Number 4 / August, 2006.
*JEFFREY P. LAMONT, MD, GREGORY J. PEARL, MD, PETER PATETSIOS, MD, MARC T. WARNER, MD, DENNIS R. GABLE, MD, WILSON GARRETT, MD, BRADLEY GRIMSLEY, MD, BERTRAM L. SMITH, MD, AND WILLIAM P. SHUTZE, MD, Prospective Evaluation of Endoluminal Venous Stents in the Treatment of the May Thurner Syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg 2002; 16: 61-64
*NILESH H. PATEL, KENNETH R. STOOKEY, DOUGLAS B. KETCHAM, ANDREW H. Cragg Endovascular Management of Acute Extensive Iliofemoral Deep Venous Thrombosis Caused by May-Thurner Syndrome Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology November 2000 (Vol. 11, Issue 10, Pages 1297-1302)
Selected Literature References, Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
ALLEN, BT, HOVSEPIAN, DM, REILLY, JM, et al. Endovascular Stent Grafts for Aneurysmal and Occlusive Vascular Disease. Am J. Surg 1998; 176:574-580.
BLUM, U, VOSHAGE, G, LAMMER, J, et. al. Endoluminal Stent-Graft for Infrarenal AAA. NEJM 1997;336: 13-20.
BREWSTER, DC, GELLER, SC, KAUFMAN, JA, et al. Initial Experience with Endovascular Aneurysm Repair: Comparison of Early Results with Outcome of Conventional Open Repair. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27: 992-1005.
CHUTER, TAM, Gordon, RL, REILLY, LM, et al. AAA in High Risk Patients: Short to Intermediate-term Results of Endovascular Repair. Radiology 1999;210:361-365.
D" AYALA, M,, HOLLIER, LH, MARIN, ML. Endovascular Grafting for AAA. Cardio. & Vasc. Surg 1998;78:845-862.
DEATON, D..H., BOGEY, W.M., Bifurcated Endovascular Grafting for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm., Ann. Vasc. Surg., 1999: 13:23-31.
DORFFNER, R, THURNHER, S, POLTERAUER, P, et al. Treatment of AAA with Transfemoral Placement of Stent Grafts: Complications and Secondary Radiologic Intervention. Radiology 1997;204:79-86.
FINLAYSON, S.R.G., BIRKMEYER, J.D., Should Endovascular Surgery Lower the Threshold for Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms?, J. Vasc. Surg., 1999: 29: 973-985.
HAUSEGGER, KA, MENDEL, H, TIESSENHAUSEN, K, et al. Endoluminal Treatment of Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysm: Clinical Experience with the Talent Stent-Graft System. JVIR 1999;10: 267-274.
KAZMERS, A,. PERKINS, A.J., JACOBS, L.A., Outcomes after Aortic Aneurysm Repair in Those => 80 Years of Age: Recent Veterans Affairs Experience., Ann. Vasc. Surg., 1998, 12:106-112.
MARIN, ML, PARSONS, RE, HOLLIER, LH, et al. Impact of Transrenal Aortic Endograft Placement on Endovascular Graft Repair of AAA. J Vasc Surg 1998;28:638-46.
MATSUMURA, J.S, MOORE, WS. Clinical Consequences of Periprosthetic Leak After Endovascular Repair of AAA. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27:606-13.
MATSUMURA, JS, PEARSE, WH, McCARTHTY, WJ, et al. Reduction in Aortic Aneurysm Size: Early Results After Endovascular Graft Placement. J Vasc. Surg., 1997; 25:113-23.
MATSUMURA, J.S., CHAIKOF, E.L.., Continued Expansion of Aortic Necks After Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, J. Vasc. Surg., 1998, 28: 422-431.
MAY, J, WOODBURN, K, WHITE, G. Endovascular Treatment of Infrarenal AAA. Ann Vasc Surg 1998; 12:391-5.
MOORE, WS, RUTHERFORD, RB. Transfemoral Endovascular Repair of AAA: Results of the North American EVT Phase I Trial. J Vasc. Surg 1996; 23: 543-53.
MOORE,W.S., KASHYAP, V.S., et.al., AAA, A 6 Year Comparison Of Endovascular Versus Transabdominal Repair.; Ann.of Surg., 1999: 230:298-308.
NASIM, A, THOMPSON, MM, SAYERS, RD, et al. Is Endoluminal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Using an Aortoaortic (Tube) Device a Durable Procedure? Ann. Vasc. Surg 1998; 12:522-528.
RESCH, T, IVANCEY, K, LINDH, M, et al. Persistent Collateral Perfusion of AAA After Endovascular Repair Does Not Lead to Progressive Change in Aneurysm Diameter. J Vasc. Surg1998; 28:242-9.
SARKER, S., MOORE, W.S., et.al., Endovascular Repair of AAA Using the EVT Device: Limited Increased Utilization With Availability of a Bifurcated Graft. ,J. Endovasc. Surg, 1999, 6:131-135.
SILBERSWEIG, JE, MARIN, ML, HOLLIER, LH, et al. Aortoiliac Aneurysms: Endoluminal Repair -Clinical Evidence for a Fully Supported Stent-Graft. Radiology 1998;209:111-116.
WAIN, RA, MARIN, ML, OHKI, T, et al. Endoleaks after Endovascular Graft Treatment of AAA: Classification, Risk Factors, and Outcome. J Vasc Surg 1998;27:69-80.
YUSEF, SW, WHITAKER, SC, CHUTER, TAM, et al. Early Results of AAA Surgery with Aortouniiliac Graft Contralateral Iliac Occlusion, and Femerofemoral Bypass. J Vasc Surg;25:165-72.
ZARINS, CK, WHITE, RA, SCHWARTEN, D, et al. AneurRx Stent Graft Versus Open Surgical Repair of AAA: Multicenter Prospective Clinical Trial. J. Vasc. Surg 1999;29:292-305.
Prinssen M, Verhoeven EL, Buth J, Cuypers PW, van Sambeek MR, Balm R, et al; Dutch Randomized Endovascular Aneurysm Management (DREAM) Trial Group. A randomized trial comparing conventional and endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1607-18.
*GREENHALGH RM, BROWN LC, KWONG GP, POWELL JT, THOMPSON SG. Comparison of endovascular aneurysm repair with open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1), 30-day operative mortality results: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364:843-8.
*SCHERMERHORN ML, O MALLEY AJ, JHAVERI A, COTTERILL P, POMPOSELLI F, LANDON BE. Endovascular vs. open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms in the medicare population., N Engl J Med 2008; 358:464-74.
*ELLIOT L. CHAIKOF, MD, PHD,A DAVID C. BREWSTER, MD,B RONALD L. DALMAN, MD,CMICHEL S. MAKAROUN, MD,D KARL A. ILLIG, MD,E GREGORIO A. SICARD, MD,F CARLOS H. TIMARAN, MD,G GILBERT R. UPCHURCH JR, MD,H AND FRANK J. VEITH, MD. The care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm: The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines. iJOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY Volume 50, Number 8S
Selected Literature References, Endovascular Repair of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA)
FDA approval for the GORE TAG Thoracic Endoprosthesis device: April 2005
LEURS LJ, BELL R, DEGRIECK Y, THOMAS S, HOBO R, LUNDBOM J; EUROSTAR; UK THORACIC ENDOGRAFT REGISTRY COLLABORATORS; Endovascular treatment of thoracic aortic diseases: combined experience from the EUROSTAR and United Kingdom Thoracic Endograft registries.; J Vasc Surg. 2004 Oct;40(4):670-9; discussion 679-80.
SCHODER, MARIA, ET AL; Elective Endovascular Stent-Graft Repair of Atherosclerotic Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Clinical Results and Midterm Follow-Up; AJR 2003; 180:709-715
LAWRENCE-BROWN, FRACS ET AL; Hybrid Open-Endoluminal Technique for Repair of Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm Involving the Celiac Axis; Journal of Endovascular Therapy: Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 513 519.
*HODGSON KJ, MATSUMURA JS, ASCHER, E., DAKE MD, SACKS D, KROL K., BERSIN R.; SVS/SIR/SCAI/SVMB clinical competence statement on thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) €” multispecialty consensus recommendations, a report of the SVS/SIR/ SCAI/SVMB Writing Committee to develop a clinical competence standard for TEVAR; J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006; 17:617 621
*HIMANSHU J. PATEL, MD,A DAVID M. WILLIAMS, MD,B GILBERT R. UPCHURCH JR, MD, NARASIMHAM L. DASIKA, MD,B AND G. MICHAEL DEEB, MD. A 15-year comparative analysis of open and endovascular repair for the ruptured descending thoracic aorta. Journal of Vascular Surgery DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.07.091
*BAVARIA JE, APPOO JJ, MAKAROUN MS, VERTER J, YU ZF, MITCHELL RS. Endovascular stent grafting versus open surgical repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms in low-risk patients: a multicenter comparative trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007; 133: 369 377
Meeting Date:
Wisconsin 02/12/2010
Illinois 01/13/2010
Michigan 01/14/2010
Minnesota 01/27/2010
J5 MAC 02/19/2010
Start Date of Comment Period
Wisconsin 02/12/2010
Illinois 01/13/2010
Michigan 01/14/2010
Minnesota 01/27/2010
J5 MAC 02/19/2010
02/19/2010
End Date of Comment Period
04/06/2010
Start Date of Notice Period
06/01/2010
Revision History Number
1
Revision History Explanation
06/01/2010 - Added code to policy inadvertently omitted: 75960 to HCPC section and (37205-37208, 75960) to Mesenteric Arteries under ICD-9 coding.
8/1/2010 - The description for Bill Type Code 11 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Bill Type Code 12 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Bill Type Code 13 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Bill Type Code 83 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Bill Type Code 85 was changed
8/1/2010 - Revenue code 0343 was added to the code range 0340 - 0349
8/1/2010 - Revenue code 0344 was added to the code range 0340 - 0349
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0320 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0321 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0322 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0323 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0324 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0329 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0340 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0341 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0342 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0349 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0350 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0351 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0352 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0359 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0400 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0401 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0402 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0403 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0404 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0409 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0610 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0611 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0612 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0614 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0615 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0616 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0618 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0619 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0960 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0961 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0962 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0963 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0964 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0969 was changed
*10/01/2010 ICD-9 update
10/18/2010 - In accordance with Section 911 of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003, the states of Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas were removed from this LCD because claims processing for those states are transitioning from FI Wisconsin Physicians Service (52280) to MAC Part A Trailblazer (04901).
11/21/2010 - For the following CPT/HCPCS codes either the short description and/or the long description was changed. Depending on which description is used in this LCD, there may not be any change in how the code displays in the document:
33883 descriptor was changed in Group 1
33884 descriptor was changed in Group 1
33886 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34812 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34820 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34825 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34826 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34833 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34834 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34900 descriptor was changed in Group 1
37205 descriptor was changed in Group 1
37206 descriptor was changed in Group 1
37207 descriptor was changed in Group 1
37208 descriptor was changed in Group 1
75954 descriptor was changed in Group 1
75956 descriptor was changed in Group 1
75957 descriptor was changed in Group 1
75958 descriptor was changed in Group 1
75959 descriptor was changed in Group 1
75960 descriptor was changed in Group 1
02/21/2011 €” In accordance with Section 911 of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003, the states of Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey and Pennsylvania were removed from this LCD because claims processing for these states are transitioning from FI Wisconsin Physician Service (WPS 52280) to MAC Part A contractor Highmark (12901).
Reason for Change
8/1/2010 - The description for Bill Type Code 11 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Bill Type Code 12 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Bill Type Code 13 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Bill Type Code 83 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Bill Type Code 85 was changed
8/1/2010 - Revenue code 0343 was added to the code range 0340 - 0349
8/1/2010 - Revenue code 0344 was added to the code range 0340 - 0349
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0320 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0321 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0322 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0323 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0324 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0329 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0340 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0341 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0342 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0349 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0350 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0351 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0352 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0359 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0400 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0401 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0402 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0403 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0404 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0409 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0610 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0611 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0612 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0614 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0615 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0616 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0618 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0619 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0960 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0961 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0962 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0963 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0964 was changed
8/1/2010 - The description for Revenue code 0969 was changed
*10/01/2010 ICD-9 update
10/18/2010 - In accordance with Section 911 of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003, the states of Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas were removed from this LCD because claims processing for those states are transitioning from FI Wisconsin Physicians Service (52280) to MAC Part A Trailblazer (04901).
11/21/2010 - For the following CPT/HCPCS codes either the short description and/or the long description was changed. Depending on which description is used in this LCD, there may not be any change in how the code displays in the document:
33883 descriptor was changed in Group 1
33884 descriptor was changed in Group 1
33886 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34812 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34820 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34825 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34826 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34833 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34834 descriptor was changed in Group 1
34900 descriptor was changed in Group 1
37205 descriptor was changed in Group 1
37206 descriptor was changed in Group 1
37207 descriptor was changed in Group 1
37208 descriptor was changed in Group 1
75954 descriptor was changed in Group 1
75956 descriptor was changed in Group 1
75957 descriptor was changed in Group 1
75958 descriptor was changed in Group 1
75959 descriptor was changed in Group 1
75960 descriptor was changed in Group 1
02/21/2011 €” In accordance with Section 911 of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003, the states of Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey and Pennsylvania were removed from this LCD because claims processing for these states are transitioning from FI Wisconsin Physician Service (WPS 52280) to MAC Part A contractor Highmark (12901).
08/02/2010
Related Documents
This LCD has no Related Documents.
LCD Attachments
Coding and Billing Guidelines 06/01/2010 (PDF - 32,424 bytes )
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Page Last Updated: Wednesday, 05-Oct-2011 11:29:52 CDT
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